1、大学英语四级 63 及答案解析(总分：746.58，做题时间：130 分钟)一、Writing (30 minutes)(总题数：1，分数：30.00)1.For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Hope Project. You should write at least 120 words. The beginning of each paragragh is given, you should go on with it. Hope Project In 1989, the
2、 Hope Project program was initiated to enable children living in poverty-stricken rural areas to continue their education. . As a university student, I have done what I can for the program. . _ _ （分数：30.00）_二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：1，分数：71.00)Bird Flu: Communicating the Risk The recommendations li
3、sted below are grounded in two convictions(信念): that motivating people to start taking bird flu seriously should be a top priority for government health departments, and that risk communication principles provide the best guidance on how to do so. Start where your audience starts. Telling people who
4、 believe X that they ought to believe Y naturally provokes resistance. You cant ignore X and just say YY-Y-Y-Y. You cant simply tell people theyre wrong. Youve got to start where they are, with X, and empathically explain why X seems logical, why its widely believed, why you used to believe it too.a
5、nd why, surprisingly, Y turns out to be closer to the truth. The biggest barrier to sounding the alarm about bird flu is that its flu usually seen as a ho-hum(漠不关心的) disease. It would help if people stopped calling every minor respiratory infection “a touch of the flu“ but thats not going to happen.
6、 Empathy is the only answer. Instead of ignoring the fact that people think flu is minor, or berating people for thinking that flu is minor, acknowledge that even some public health authorities use the term “flu“ in ways that minimize its seriousness. After making common cause with the public“we hav
7、e all ignored influenza for too long“talk about how horrific the next flu pandemic(流行病) may be compared with the annual flu. Dont be afraid to frighten people. For most of the world right now, though, apathy(漠不关心) is the problemnot denial. We cant scare people enough about H5N1. WHO has been trying
8、for over a year, with evermore-dramatic appeals to the media, the public, and Member States. Until a pandemic begins, theres little chance well scare people too much. Research evidence wont protect you from criticism, of course. Fear appeals often provoke angry pushback from people questioning your
9、motives or your competence, accusing you of “crying wolf“ or provoking “warning fatigue“ or panicking the public. That happened after WHO Western Pacific Regional Director Shigeru Omi said that, in a worst case, a bird flu pandemic could kill up to 100 million people (a well-justified estimate). Of
10、course, there is a genuine downside to issuing warnings that turn out to be unnecessary. Although panic is unlikely and warning fatigue is temporary, there is some credibility loss, especially if the warnings were exaggerated or overconfident. But consider the alternative. Which is worse, being crit
11、icized for “unduly“ frightening people or being criticized for failing to warn people? Acknowledge uncertainty. When the first Thai bird flu outbreaks subsided(平息) in 2004, a senior public official said: “The first wave of bird flu outbreak has passed. but we dont know when the second wave will come
12、, and we dont trust the situation. So the Public Health Ministry is being as careful as possible.“ This exemplifies two risk communication principles: acknowledge uncertainty and dont overreassure. During Malaysias first outbreak, tests were pending regarding what strain of flu was killing the chick
13、ens. Senior veterinary official Hawaii Hussein said, “We know it is H5, but were hoping it wont be H5N1. “ This very brief comment not only acknowledges uncertainty; it also expresses wishes, another good crisis communication practice. Everyone shared Husseins hope, but feared the worst. Overconfide
14、nt overreassurance (“the situation is under control, everything is going to be fine“) is terrible risk communication. Paradoxically, people usually find it alarming. They sense its insincerity and become mistrustful even before they know the outcome. But overconfident warnings are also unwise. There
15、 is so much we dont know about H5N1. How many people will it infect? How quickly will it spread? How long will it last? How long will it take for an effective vaccine to be available? Which countries and which people in those countries will get the vaccine first? How well will health care systems co
16、pe? How well will national and international economies cope? And how well will civil society cope? Bird flu experts and risk communicators cannot answer these questions. But we can and should raise them, acknowledging our uncertainty at every turn. Share dilemmas. Sharing dilemmas is a lot like ackn
17、owledging uncertainty. Not only are we unsure about what will happen; were also unsure about what to do. Everyone finds this hard to admit. But dilemma-sharing has huge advantages: - It humanizes the organization by letting the pain of difficult decisions show. - It gives people a chance to make sug
18、gestions and be part of the process. - It moderates the conflict between opposing recommendations. - It reduces the outrage if you turn out to be wrong. Dilemma-sharing does raise some anxiety at first, but it allies with the publics resourceful, mature side. This leads to better buy-in and better c
19、oping down the road. The most important bird flu dilemma at the moment is stockpiling(储备). If we stockpile H5 antigen(抗原) or an H5N1 vaccine (once it exists), that may save millions of lives if a pandemic materializes. But a vaccine is no magic solution. We probably cant make and distribute enough v
20、accine for most of the world. And what if there is no pandemic? Or what if the virus mutates(突变) or drifts a lot, and the vaccine proves minimally useful? Is this really a good use of scarce health dollars, especially in developing countries? Maybe we should stockpile antiviral drugs. But theyre exp
21、ensive, and who knows how well they will work against the actual pandemic strain that arises? The worst response to the stockpiling dilemma is also the most tempting: Stockpile only a little vaccine and some antivirals and imply that you have enough. Some officials are already engaging in this kind
22、of overreassurance. The risk communication answer: Share the dilemma and let the public help you decide. Give people things to do. One reason sometimes given for not alarming the public is that theres nothing for people to do anyway. A Jan. 13, 2005 Wall Street Journal article quoted Canadian infect
23、ious disease expert Richard Schabas as saying: “Scaring people about avian influenza accomplishes nothing, because were not asking people to do anything about it.“ But the error isnt scaring people. The error is failing to realize and say how much they can do to prepare. Helping resolve government p
24、olicy dilemmas is just the beginning. Thailand, for example, has trained almost a million volunteers to reach out to every village in the country to inform people about the risks and signs of bird flu and how to try to protect themselves and their flocks. Many companies, hospitals, schools, and loca
25、l governments around the world are starting to plan for “business continuity“ in the event of a pandemic. Even cognitive and emotional rehearsal learning about H5N1 and thinking about what a pandemic might be like and how youd cope is a kind of preparedness and a kind of involvement. The WHO outbrea
26、k guidelines say: “If possible, representatives of the public should be brought into the decision-making process. Risk communication messages should include information about what the public can do to make themselves safer.“ （分数：71.00）(1).This passage mainly gives government health departments some
27、advice on how they should communicate the risk of bird flu.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(2).The biggest barrier to sounding the alarm about bird flu is that people usually take flu seriously.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(3).WHO Western Pacific Regional Director Shigeru Omi said that a bird flu pandemic had killed a lot
28、 of Asian people.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(4).During Malaysias first outbreak, tests were pending regarding what strain of flu was killing the chickens.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(5).Overconfident overreassurance is wonderful risk communication.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(6).Dilemma-sharing cant give people a chance to m
29、ake suggestions and be part of the process.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(7).Dilemma-sharing does raise some anxiety at first, but it allies with the publics resourceful, mature side.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(8).The error of what Richard Schabas said is failing to realize and say how much they can do 1.（分数：7.10）填空项
30、1:_(9).Helping resolve government policy dilemmas is 1.（分数：7.10）填空项 1:_(10).Risk communication messages should include information about what the public can do to 1.（分数：7.10）填空项 1:_三、Listening Comprehens(总题数：1，分数：15.00)A.When he was 12.B.When he was 20.C.When he was 25.D.When he was five.A.He refuse
31、d to take the job because of the bad food.B.He cannot bear the foods smell so he may quit.C.Its difficult to work because the food smells so good.D.He is so hungry and wants to take a break.A.It was a long lecture, but easy to understand.B.It was not as easy as she had thought.C.It was as difficult
32、as she had expected.D.It was interesting and easy to follow.A.Ask Tom to send an invitation.B.Get the Johnsons address.C.Invite Tom to the party.D.Tell Tom to pick up the Johnsons.A.The man is usually the last one to hand in his test paper.B.The man has made a mess of his final exam.C.The man doesnt
33、 have a good study habit.D.The man is a very diligent student.A.Stop looking for the socks for he thinks none is left.B.Check the sales area.C.Ask somebody else.D.Stay where she is.A.At a newsstand.B.At a car dealers.C.At a publishing house.D.At a shopping mall.A.Go on with the game.B.Draw pictures
34、on the computer.C.Have a good rest.D.Review his lessons.四、Section B(总题数：2，分数：10.00)A.Mexico.B.Canada.C.Japan.D.China.A.It is too expensive.B.He is too lazy.C.He is too busy.D.He doesnt want.A.5:00.B.9:30.C.10:00.D.Midnight.A.The man is complaining about something.B.The man is the womans husband.C.Th
35、e man wants to arrange the policy over the phone.D.The man is the womans friend.A.21 November 1980.B.12 December 1980.C.12 September 1980.D.12 November 1980.A.Hes working at the moment.B.He is a full-time student at Sydney University.C.He is a part-time student at Sydney University.D.He is a full-ti
36、me student at London University.A.Nothing but breath and heartbeats.B.Only rapid eye movements.C.Nothing but dreams.D.A lot in your body.A.During the stage when sounds or light affects you.B.During the stage when your eyes move rapidly.C.During the stage when you sleep soundly.D.During the stage whe
37、n you sleep lightly.A.Different people have different time space of sleep stages.B.Some people do not need to go through all the sleep stages.C.Sleep stages will repeat themselves when someone sleeps long.D.You can remember the dream when you suddenly wake up.A.He was struck by lightning.B.He had a
38、car accident.C.He was very old.D.He fell down in his yard.A.His wife.B.A clock.C.A tree.D.Lightning.A.Hiding under a tree.B.Entering the house.C.Driving a car.D.Lying on the ground.A.A fall from the tree.B.The unexpected return of his wife.C.Another flash of lightning.D.Another heavy blow.A.Ask for
39、another gift.B.Exchange it for something useful.C.Sell it.D.Just keep it.A.To make the couple happy.B.To make the couple richer.C.To make the marriage legal.D.To express our best wishes to the couple.A.Because he hasnt three children.B.Because he has to make fortune for his wifes family.C.Because it
40、 is a necessary type of gift to exchange at marriage.D.Because it is a necessary ceremony at marriage.六、Section C(总题数：1，分数：10.00)I am amazed at some of the statements made concerning Greg Louganiss decision not to (36) 1 the fact that he was HIV-positive. Although AIDS has been a (37) 2 word since t
41、he early 1980s, it appears that people still dont have a (38) 3 concerning the realities of the situation. Even though the ways of contracting HIV are well-known, the general public still seems to react with (39) 4 fear for their own well-being when (40) 5 with someone who they know is HIV-positive
42、or has AIDS. But because people who know that they are HIV-positive are very (41) 6 of this fact, they certainly will take more (42) 7 in protecting other people than will the millions of walking time (43) 8 who dont know their HIV status. (44) 9. That means (45) 10. Education is the key to this ver
43、y complicated issue. (46) 11.（分数：10.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_七、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：2，分数：355.00)More than 200 organizations are preparing to bring their teams of robots to RoboCup 2003 next month in Padua, Italy, an event where researchers t
44、est out the latest artificial intelligence techniques in games of football or rescue simulations. Event organizers said last week that 183 teams from around the world, mostly from universities, have registered for rescue simulation competitions and various leagues of foot ball, while another 80 grou
45、ps are to show off robots aimed at children. The event is expecting more than 50,000 visitors. While RoboCup has its lighter side, it is one of the most prominent events in the world for both artificial-intelligence researchers and for companies such as Honda and Sony wishing to show off their lates
46、t robotics technology. In recent years, advances in robotics and computer technology have led to renewed interest in robots. Several companies have produced humanoid robots capable of walking on two legs, even up stairs or across uneven surfaces, while Sony has virtually single-handedly created a co
47、nsumer-robot market with its Aibo dog, released in 1999. Robot technologies such as vision and mobility systems have also made their way into the broader world of IT. Hewlett-Packard is even testing robots that could attend meetings in place of a human, in order to cut down on business travel. Ahead
48、 of RoboCup, another European university has signed up to integrate its Aibo robots into their research curriculum. RoboCups “four-legged league“ uses Aibo robots, while the “humanoid league“ pits two-legged robots such as Hondas AMmo against one another. The event says its ultimate goal is to develop a team of fully aut
