1、大学英语四级 40及答案解析(总分：746.53，做题时间：130 分钟)一、Writing (30 minutes)(总题数：1，分数：30.00)1.For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay entitled On Conserving Energy. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in Chinese: 1. 能源短缺问题已非常严重； 2. 可以采取节能措施解决能源短缺问题； 3. 你的看法。 （分数：
2、30.00）_二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：1，分数：71.00)ABSENTEEISM IN NURSING: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY Absence from work is a costly and disruptive problem for any organization. The cost of absenteeism in Australia has been put at 1.8 million hours per day or $1400 million annually. The study reported here was c
3、onducted in the Prince William Hospital in Brisbane. Australia, where, prior to this time few active steps had been taken to measure, understand or manage the occurrence of absenteeism. Nursing Absenteeism A prevalent(普遍的) attitude amongst many nurses in the group selected for study was that there w
4、as no reward or recognition for not utilizing the paid sick leave entitlement allowed them in their employment conditions. Therefore. they believed they may as well take the days offsick or otherwise. Similar attitudes have been noted by James(1989), who noted that sick leave is seen by many workers
5、 as a right, like annual holiday leave. Miller and Norton(1986), in their survey of 865 nursing personnel, found that 73 percent felt they should be rewarded for not taking sick leave, because some employees always used their sick leave. Further. 67 per cent of nurses felt, that administration was n
6、ot sympathetic to the problems shift work causes to employees personal and social lives. Only 53 per cent of the respondents felt that every effort was made to schedule staff fairly. In another longitudinal study of nurses working in two Canadian hospitals, Hackett. Bycio and Gnion (1989) examined t
7、he reasons why nurses took absence from work. The frequent reason stated for absence was minor illness to self. Other causes, in decreasing order of frequency, were illness in family, family social function, work to do at home and bereavement. Method In an attempt to reduce the level of absenteeism
8、amongst the 250 registered and enrolled nurses in the present study, the Prince William management introduced three different, yet potentially complementary, strategies over 18 months. Strategy 1: Non-financial (material) incentives Within the established wage and salary system it was not possible t
9、o use hospital funds to support this strategy. However, it was possible to secure incentives(刺激) from local businesses; including free passes to entertainment parks, theatres, restaurants, etc. At the end of each roster period, the ward with the lowest absence rate would win the prize. Strategy 2: F
10、lexible fair rostering Where possible, staff were given the opportunity to determine their working schedule within the limits of clinical needs. Strategy 3: Individual absenteeism and counseling Each month, managers would analyze the pattern of absence of staff with excessive sick leave (greater tha
11、n ten days per year for full-time employees). Characteristic patterns of potential voluntary absenteeism such as absence before and after days off, excessive weekend and night duty absence and multiple single days off were communicated to all ward(病房) nurses and then, as necessary, followed up by ac
12、tion. Results Absence rates for the six months prior to the incentive scheme ranged from 3.69 per cent to 4. 32 per cent. In the following six months they ranged between 2.87 per cent and 3.96 per cent. This represents a 20 per cent improvement. However, analyzing the absence rates on a year-to-year
13、 basis, the overall absence rate was 3.60 per cent in the first year and 3.43 per cent in the following year. This represents a 5 per cent decrease from the first to the second year of the study. A significant decrease in absence over the two-year period could not be demonstrated. Discussion The non
14、-financial incentive scheme did appear to assist in controlling absenteeism in the short term. As the scheme progressed it became harder to secure prizes and this contributed to the programs losing momentum and finally ceasing. There were mixed results across wards as well. For example, in wards wit
15、h staff members who had long-term genuine illness, there was little chance of winning, and to some extent the staff on those wards were disempowered. Our experience would suggest that the long-term effects of incentive awards on absenteeism are questionable. Over the time of the study, staff were gi
16、ven a larger degree of control in their rosters. This led to significant improvements in communication between managers and staff. A similar effect was found from the implementation of the third strategy. Many of the nurses had not realized the impact their behavior was having on the organization an
17、d their colleagues but there were also staff members who felt that talking to them about their absenteeism was picking on them and this usually had a negative effect on management-employee relationships. Conclusion Although there has been some decrease in absence rates, no single strategy or combina
18、tion of strategies has had a significant impact on absenteeism per se (本身). Notwithstanding the disappointing results, it is our contention(论点) that the strategies were not in vain. A shared owner ship of absenteeism and a collaborative approach to problem solving has facilitated improved cooperatio
19、n and communication between management and staff. It is our belief that this improvement alone, while not tangibly measurable, has increased the ability of management to manage the effects of absenteeism more effectively since this study. （分数：71.00）(1).The Prince William Hospital has been trying to
20、reduce absenteeism amongst nurses for many years. （分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(2).Nurses in the Prince William Hospital study believed that there were benefits in taking as little sick leave as possible. （分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(3).Just over half the nurses in the 1986 study believed that management understood th
21、e effects that shift work had on them. （分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(4).The Canadian study found that illness in the family was a greater cause of absenteeism than work to do at home. （分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(5).In relation to management attitude to absenteeism the study at the Prince William Hospital found simila
22、r results to the two 1989 studies. （分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(6).The study at the Prince William Hospital aimed to find out the causes of absenteeism amongst 260 nurses. （分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(7).The study at the Prince William Hospital involved changes in management practices. （分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(8).In the f
23、irst strategy, wards with the lowest absenteeism in different period would win prizes donated by 1. （分数：7.10）填空项 1:_(9).In the second strategy, staff were given more control over their 1. （分数：7.10）填空项 1:_(10).Before Strategy 1 was applied, the absence rate varied from 1. （分数：7.10）填空项 1:_三、Listening
24、Comprehens(总题数：1，分数：15.00)A.They went a long way to attend the party.B.They didnt think much of the food and drinks.C.They knew none of the other guests at the party.D.They enjoyed the party better than the other guests.A.To the bookstore.B.To the market.C.To the dentists.D.To the post office.A.Dr.
25、Andrews has been promoted for his thoroughness.B.She disagrees with Dr. Andrews on many occasions.C.Dr. Andrews used to keep his patients waiting.D.She dislikes Dr. Andrews as much as the new physician.A.Tom is usually talkative.B.Tom has dozens of things to attend to.C.Tom has a very bad temper.D.T
26、om is disliked by his colleagues.A.To pickup the woman from the library.B.To make a copy of the schedule for his friend.C.To find out more about the topic for the seminar.D.To get the seminar schedule for the woman.A.The woman has to get the textbooks in other ways.B.The woman has sold her used text
27、books to the bookstore.C.The man is going to buy his textbooks from a bookstore.D.The man doesnt want to sell his textbooks to the woman.A.Attend a conference.B.Meet his lawyer.C.Give a speech.D.Make a business trip.A.Jessie always says what she thinks.B.Jessie seems to have a lot on her mind.C.Jess
28、ie is wrong to find fault with her boss.D.Jessie should know the marketing director better.A.Heien is talkative.B.Helen is sociable.C.Helen is active.D.Helen is quiet.A.Jimmy will regret marrying a Frenchwoman.B.Jimmy is not serious in making decisions.C.Jimmy is rich enough to buy a big house.D.Jim
29、mys words are often not reliable.四、Section B(总题数：2，分数：10.00)A.Last night.B.Tonight.C.Yesterday afternoon.D.This morning.A.The use of photographs in painting.B.The TV program about Norman Rockwell.C.The Saturday Evening Post magazine.D.Exhibits of art on magazine covers.A.He imagined them.B.He used m
30、agazine covers.C.He hired models.D.He read stories.A.He was a prolific painter.B.He was an eccentric person.C.He was an avid reader.D.He was a good teacher.A.To make an appointment to look at a house.B.To get information about special housing.C.To ask about getting a loan to buy a house.D.To renew h
31、is housing contract.A.With his grandparents.B.In student housing.C.With his wifes parents.D.In his own apartment.A.He has more than one child.B.His wife is a graduate student.C.He is a full - time student.D.He works at the university housing office.A.They strongly believe in family rules.B.They are
32、very likely to succeed in life.C.They tend to take responsibility for themselvesD.They are in the habit of obeying their parents.A.They grow up to be funny and charming.B.They often have a poor sense of direction.C.They get less attention from their parents.D.They tend to be smart and strong-willed.
33、A.They usually dont follow family rules.B.They dont like to take chances in their lives.C.They are less likely to be successful in life.D.They tend to believe in their parents ideas.A.Monitor students sleep patterns.B.Help students concentrate in class.C.Record students weekly performance.D.Ask stud
34、ents to complete a sleep report.A.Declining health.B.Lack of attention.C.Loss of motivation.D.Improper behavior.A.They should make sure their children are always punctual for school.B.They should ensure their children grow up in a healthy environment.C.They should help their children accomplish high
35、-quality work.D.They should see to it that their children have adequate sleep.A.To keep fish alive.B.To punish criminals.C.To preserve dead bodies.D.To help heal wounds.A.For making salted fish.B.For stealing salt.C.For taking salt from the kings table.D.For selling salt.A.He would lose his life.B.H
36、e would lose an ear.C.He would lose all his salt.D.He would be heavily fined.A.Three thousand years ago.B.When man began to salt fish.C.When man began to preserve the dead.D.No one knows.六、Section C(总题数：1，分数：10.00)According to the ary theory of sleep, (36) 1 us with a regular pattern of sleeping and
37、 waking. The theory does not (37) 2 that sleep provides some important restorative functions. It merely says that (38) 3 has programmed us to perform those functions at a time when activity would be (39) 4 and possibly dangerous. However, sleep s us only from the sort of (40) 5 we might walk into; i
38、t does not (41) 6 us from that comes looking for us. So we sleep well in a (42) 7, safe place, but we sleep lightly, if at all, when we fear that bears will (43) 8 into the tent. (44) 9. Why do cats, for instance, sleep so much, while horses sleep so little? (45) 10. But cats can afford to have long
39、 periods of inactivity because they spend little time eating and are unlikely to be attacked while they sleep. Horses must spend almost all their waking hours eating, because what they eat is very low in energy value. Moreover, (46) 11. （分数：10.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项
40、1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_七、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：2，分数：355.00)It is generally accepted that the experiences of the child in his first years largely determine his character and later personality. Every experience teaches the child something and the effects are cumulative. “Upbringing“ is normally us
41、ed to refer to the treatment and training of the child within the home. This is closely related to the treatment and training of the child in schoo1, which is usually distinguished by the term “education“. In a society such as ours, both parents and teachers are responsible for the opportunities pro
42、vided for the development of the child, so that upbringing and education are interdependent. The ideals and practices of child rearing vary from culture to culture. In general, the more rural the community, the more uniform are the customs of child upbringing. In more technologically developed socie
43、ties, the period of childhood and adolescence(青春期) tends to be extended over a long time, resulting in more opportunity for education and greater variety in character development. Early upbringing in tile home is naturally affected both by the cultural pattern of the community and by the parents cap
44、abilities and their aims and depends not only on upbringing and education but also on the innate abilities of the child. Wide differences of innate intelligence and temperament exist even in children of the same family. Intelligent parents, however, realize that the particular setting of each family
45、 is unique, and there can be no rigid(严格的) general rules. They use general information only as a guide in making decisions and solving problems. All parents have to solve the problems of freedom and discipline. The younger the child, the more readily the mother gives in to his demands to avoid disap
46、pointing him. She knows that if his energies are not given an outlet, her child s continuing development may be warped. A child must be allowed to enjoy this “messy“ but tactile stage of discovery before he is ready to go on to the less physical pleasures of toys and books. Similarly, throughout lif
47、e, each stage depends on the satisfactory completion of the one before. （分数：177.50）(1).Its a general belief that a childs later character and personality is _decided by his early experiences both at home and in school.（分数：35.50）A.chieflyB.by chanceC.entirelyD.seldom(2).The word “cumulative“ in Line
48、3 most probably means_.（分数：35.50）A.decisiveB.extremely beneficialC.strongD.progressively greater(3).It can be seen from the passage that_.（分数：35.50）A.the cultural pattern is the single factor that affects a child s upbringing in the homeB.by no means does the technological development of a community contribute to the development of childrens characterC.there are advisable rules for parents to go by in bringing up their childrenD.upbringing and education are mutually complementary(4).A childs deve
