1、大学英语四级 278及答案解析(总分：746.56，做题时间：130 分钟)一、Writing (30 minutes)(总题数：1，分数：30.00)1.For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Employment in Manufacturing and Services in Five Countries between 1970 and 1993. Describe the information presented in the diagram, and compare
2、 the changes which have taken place in the five countries. You should write at least 120 words. （分数：30.00）_二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：1，分数：71.00)What causes earthquakes? The earth is formed of layers. The surface of the earth, about 100 kilometers thick, is made of large pieces. When they move again
3、st each other, an earthquake hap pens. A large movement causes a violent earthquake, but a small movement causes a mild one. Earthquakes last only a few seconds. The rolling movements are called seismic waves. The seismic waves start in one place, called the epicenter, and roll outward. A seismic wa
4、ve travels around the earth is a about twenty minutes. Usually, an. earthquake is strong enough to cause damage only near its epicenter. However, epicenters at the bottom of the ocean create huge sea waves as tall as 15 meters. These waves cross the ocean in several hours. Rushing toward land, they
5、destroy small islands and ships in their path. When they hit land, they flood coastal areas far from the epicenter of the earthquake. In 1868, a wave reached 4.5 kilometers inland in Peru. In 1896, a wave in Japan killed 27,000 people. After an earthquake happens, people can die from lack of food, w
6、ater, and medical supplies. The amount of destruction caused by an earthquake depends on where it happens, what time it happens, and how strong it is. It also depends on types of buildings, soil conditions, and population. Of the 6000 earthquakes in the world each year, only about fifteen cause grea
7、t damage and many deaths. In 1556, an earthquake in northern China killed 830,000 people-the most in history. There was no way to measure its strength. In 1935, scientists started using the Richter Scale to measure seismic waves. A seriously destructive earthquake measures 6.5or higher on the Richte
8、r Scale. How can scientists predict earthquakes? Earthquakes are not just scattered anywhere but happen in certain areas, places where pieces of the earths surface meet. This pattern causes them to shake the same places many times. For example, earthquakes often occur on the west coasts of North and
9、 South America, around the Mediterranean Sea, and along the Pacific coast of Asia. Another way to predict earthquakes is to look for changes in the earths surface, like a sudden drop of water level in the ground. Some people say animals can predict earthquakes. Before earthquakes, people have seen c
10、hickens sitting in trees, fish jumping out of the water, snakes leaving their holes, and other animals acting strangely. On February 4, 1975, scientists predicted an earthquake in northeastern China and told people in the earthquake zone to leave the cities. More than a million people moved into the
11、 surrounding countryside, into safe, open fields away from buildings. That afternoon, the ground rolled and shook beneath the peoples feet, In seconds, 90 percent of the buildings in the city of Haicheng were destroyed. The decision to tel1 the people to leave the cities saved 10,000 lives. However,
12、 more than a year later, on July 28, 1976, the scientists were not so lucky. East of Beijing, Chinese scientists were discussing a possible earthquake. During their meeting, the worst earthquake in modern times hit. Estimates of deaths ranged from 250,000 to 695,000. The earthquake measured 7.9 on t
13、he Richter Scale. Earthquakes often come together with volcanic eruptions. In late 1984, strong earthquakes began shaking the Nevado del Ruiz volcano in Colombia every day. On November 14, 1985, it erupted. A nearby river became a sea of mud that buried four towns. This disaster killed more than 210
14、0 people, Mexico City has frequent earthquakes. An earthquake there on September 19, 1985, measured 8.1 on the Richter Scale and killed 7000 people. Most victims died when buildings fell on them. San Francisco, California, also has frequent earthquakes. However, newer buildings there are built to be
15、 safe in earthquakes. Therefore, when all earthquake measuring 7.1 on the Richter Scale hit northern California on October 17, 1989, only 67 people were killed. The earthquake hit in the afternoon, when thousands of people were driving home from work. Freeways and bridges broke and fell. Buried unde
16、r the layers of the Oakland Freeway, people were crushed in their flattened cars. Explosions sounded like thunder as older buildings seemed to burst apart along with the freeways. As the electric power lines broke from the falling bridges and buildings, the sky, covered with huge clouds of black dus
17、t, appeared to be filled with lightning. Water rushed into the streets from broken pipes and mixed with gas from broken gas lines, causing more explosions. Emergency workers had to cope with medical problems. Everyone worked together to save survivors and comfort victims. The next day, the disaster
18、sites looked terrible. Victims couldnt find their houses, their cars, or even their streets. Boats were destroyed, and debris covered the surface of the sea. There was no water, no electricity, no telephone, only the smell of garbage floating in melted ice in refrigerators open to the sun, Losses an
19、d property. damage from the earthquake amounted to millions of dollars. Seismology is the study of earthquakes, and a seismologist is a scientist who observes earthquakes. Seismologists have given us valuable knowledge about earthquakes. Their equipment measures the smallest vibration on the surface
20、 of the earth. They are trying to find ways to use knowledge about earthquakes to save lives and to help solve the worlds energy shortage. The earths natural activity underground creates energy in the form of heat. Geothermal means earth heat. This geothermal energy could be useful. However, if we t
21、ake natural hot water out of the earth in earthquake zones, we might cause earthquakes. People live in earthquake zones because of natural beauty, productive soil, and large existing centers of population. However, people who live there should expect earthquakes. They should be prepared to protect t
22、heir lives and property. They must build safer buildings and roads. Hospitals and electric power stations must be built as far as possible from probable earthquake sites. When an earthquake starts, people must run to open ground or stay in protected areas like doorways or even bathtubs. If seismolog
23、ists could predict earthquakes, we could save about 20,000 human lives each year. Humans can control many things about nature, but we cannot control earthquakes. （分数：71.00）(1).Today scientists know something about the causes of earthquakes. （分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(2).More people are killed by huge sea w
24、aves than by buildings falling. （分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(3).The vast majority of the worlds earthquakes are mild. （分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(4).An earthquake in 1989 destroyed the city of Oakland. （分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(5).Seismologists can measure the size of sea waves. （分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(6).Removing water from
25、underground may cause earthquakes. （分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(7).The passage gives a general description of the earthquakes destruction. （分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(8).The death toll of the earthquake in northern China-the most in history-reached 1. （分数：7.10）填空项 1:_(9).Earthquakes often come together with 1. （分数：7
26、.10）填空项 1:_(10).When an earthquake occurs, people must run to open ground or stay in safe areas llke 1. （分数：7.10）填空项 1:_三、Listening Comprehens(总题数：1，分数：15.00)A.She is underpaid.B.She wants a higher salary.C.She expresses here idea directly.D.Her boss permitted to give her a raise.A.Teacher and stude
27、nt.B.Boss and clerk.C.Lawyer and client.D.Two colleagues.A.In a restaurant.B.In a supermarket.C.At an office.D.At home.A.He wants to go to the conference.B.He wants to be welcome.C.He want to see Mr. Jackson.D.He wants to cancel the appointment.A.Secretary and boss.B.Student and teacher.C.Customer a
28、nd shop-assistant.D.Interviewer and interviewee.A.It isnt small and young.B.It has good workers.C.It has a good future.D.He likes the company.A.The man wasnt a US citizen.B.The business company accepted the man.C.The man could not present sufficient credentials.D.The man was a very impressive person
29、.A.He has to have the job.B.He likes difficulties.C.He is afraid of the projects.D.He was frightened.四、Section B(总题数：2，分数：10.00)A.A sick friend.B.A math class.C.School policy.D.The mans test.A.Because it is against the law.B.Because the man is not a member of Terrys family.C.Because the woman cannot
30、 find the test.D.Because Terry was too sick to take the test.A.Young.B.Purcell.C.Raleigh.D.Kelly.A.Call his friend.B.Go to the office to get his test.C.Send the woman a letter.D.Take the test later.A.It has too much interference.B.It produces no sound whatsoever.C.The sound is too low.D.The sound is
31、 completely distorted.A.Three.B.Four.C.Five.D.Six.A.The man has to take it back home.B.The man will get a refund.C.The player will be repaired.D.The player will be put under guarantee.A.78549B.75849C.67532D.67523A.On the first day of class.B.At the end of the first week of classes.C.Halfway through
32、the semester.D.Just before the final examination.A.The people of the Northeast.B.The significance of the Northeast.C.The development of the United States.D.The location of the nations capital.A.Small area, small population.B.Small area, large population.C.Large area, small population.D.Large area, l
33、arge population.A.It is visited by many tourists.B.It was never a wilderness like the rest of the country.C.It is the home of many modem historians.D.It is both a business and cultural center.A.The art of saying thank you.B.The secret of staying pretty.C.The importance of good manners.D.The differen
34、ce between elegance and good manners.A.They were nicer and gentler.B.They paid more attention to their appearance.C.They were willing to spend more money on clothes.D.They were more aware of changes in fashion.A.By decorating our homes.B.By being kind and generous.C.By wearing fashionable clothes.D.
35、By putting on a little make-up.A.Americans are too attached to their cars.B.American cars are too fast.C.Automobiles endanger health.D.Automobiles are the main pubic transportation tools of USA.A.Because they pollute air.B.Because they are natural hazards.C.Because they are increasing in numbers.D.B
36、ecause people dont walk so often.A.control of natural hazardsB.control of heavy trafficC.control of heart diseaseD.control of man-made hazards六、Section C(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Once open only to the rich, who could (36) 1the fees of expensive country club, tennis is becoming more and more (37) 2. Tennis cou
37、rts are (38) 3 up everywhere. There are indoor and outdoor courts, and even courts on the (39) 4of skyscrapers. Sporting goods (40) 5are doing a booing business in tennis (41) 6. Tennis clothing has become an important item in the (42) 7world. Early in its (43) 8tennis was the sport of king and, (44
38、) 9. The French King Charles V loved to play tennis, but he was very fat and must have been a comical sight on the tennis court. (45) 10. In England, Henry IV outlawed tennis because the church leaders of his time were angry that women wore less clothing when they played. (46) 11. （分数：10.00）填空项 1:_填
39、空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_七、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：2，分数：355.00)Culture is the sum total of all the tradition, customs, beliefs, and ways to life of a given group of human being. In this sense, every group has a culture, however savage, undeveloped, or unc
40、ivilized it may seem to us. To the professional anthropologists, there is no intrinsic superiority of one culture over another, just as to the professional linguist there is no intrinsic hierarchy(等级制度) among languages. People once thought of the languages of backward groups as savage, undeveloped f
41、orms of speech, consisted largely of grunts and groans. While it is possible that language in general began as a series of grunts and groans, it is a fact established by the study of “backward“ languages that no spoken tongue answers the description today. Most languages of uncivilized groups are, b
42、y our most severe standards, extremely complex, delicate, and ingenious pieces of machinery for the transfer of ideas. They fall behind our western language not in their sound patterns or grammatical structure, which usually are fully adequate for all language needs, but only in their vocabularies,
43、which reflect the objects and activities known to their speakers. Even in this department, however, two things are to be noted: 1. All languages seem to possess the machinery for vocabulary expansion, either by putting together words already in existence or by borrowing them from other languages and
44、 adapting them to their own system. 2, Tile objects and activities requiring names and distinctions in “backward“ languages, while different from ours, are often surprisingly numerous and complicated. A western language distinguished merely between two degrees of remoteness (“this“ and “that“); some
45、 languages of the American Indians distinguish between what is close to the speaker, or to the person addressed, or removed from both; or out of sight, or in the past, or in the future. This study of language, in turn casts a new light upon the claim of the anthropologists that all cultures are to b
46、e viewed independently, and without ideas of rank or hierarchy. （分数：177.50）(1).The language of uncivilized groups as compared to western language is limited in _.（分数：35.50）A.vocabulariesB.grammatical structuresC.sound patternsD.rank and hierarchy(2).The statement that “every group has a culture“ gro
47、ws out of the authors _.（分数：35.50）A.bias in regard to civilized humanB.philosophyC.feeling about human beingsD.definition of culture(3).According to the author, anthropologists would have all culture viewed _.（分数：35.50）A.comparativelyB.independentlyC.intrinsicallyD.hierarchically(4).According to the
48、 author, languages whether “civilized or not“ have _.（分数：35.50）A.the same way to transfer ideasB.the potential for increasing sound patternsC.the potential for expanding vocabularyD.the same grammatical structures(5).Which of the following is implied but not stated in the passage?（分数：35.50）A.The study of language is the same as the study of anthropology.B.The study of language has reinforced anthropologists in their view that there are no hierarchy among cultures.C.The study of language dis
