1、大学英语四级 231及答案解析(总分：746.59，做题时间：130 分钟)一、Writing (30 minutes)(总题数：1，分数：30.00)1.For this part, you are allowed to write a composition on the topic Private Cars in Ordinary Chinese Families. You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline. 1. 小轿车开始进入越来越多的中国普通家庭。
2、2. 对这一社会现象人们的两种截然相反的观点。 3. 我的看法。 （分数：30.00）_二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：1，分数：71.00)Tourism Tourism holidaymaking and travel are these days more significant social phenomena than most commentators have considered. On the face of it there could not be a more trivial subject for a book. And indeed since
3、 social scientists have had considerable difficulty explaining weightier topics, such as work or politics, it might be thought that they would have great difficulties in accounting for more trivial phenomena such as holidaymaking. However, there are interesting parallels with the study of deviance (
4、偏差). This involves the investigation of bizarre and idiosyncratic (异常) social practices which happen to be defined as deviant in some societies but not necessarily in others. The assumption is that the investigation of deviance can reveal interesting and significant aspects of “normal“ societies. It
5、 could be said that a similar analysis can be applied to tourism. Tourism is a leisure activity which presupposes its opposite, namely regulated and organized work. It is one manifestation of how work and leisure are organized as separate and regulated spheres of social practice in “modern“ societie
6、s. Tourist relationships arise from a movement of people to, and their stay in, various destinations. This necessarily involves some movement, that is the journey, and a period of stay in a new place or places. The journey and the stay are by definition outside the normal places of residence and wor
7、k and are of a short-term and temporary nature and there is a clear intention to return home within a relatively short period of time. A substantial proportion of the population of modern societies engages in such tourist practices; new socialized forms of provision have developed in order to cope w
8、ith the mass character of the gazes of tourists, as opposed to the individual character of travel. Places are chosen to be visited and be gazed upon because there is an anticipation, especially through daydreaming and fantasy, of intense pleasures, either on a different scale or involving different
9、senses from those customarily encountered. Such anticipation is constructed and sustained through a variety of non-tourist practices, such as films, TV, literature, magazines, records and videos which construct and reinforce this daydreaming. Tourists tend to visit features of landscape and townscap
10、e which separate them off from everyday experience. Such aspects are viewed because they are taken to be in some sense out of the ordinary. People linger over these sights in a way that they would not normally do in their home environment and the vision is objectified or captured through photographs
11、, postcards, films and so on which enable the memory to the endlessly reproduced and recaptured. One of the earliest studies on the subject of tourism is Boorstins analysis of the “pseudo-event“ (1964) where he argues that contemporary Americans cannot experience reality directly but thrive on “pseu
12、do-events.“ Isolated from the host environment and the local people, the mass tourist travels in guided groups and finds pleasure in man-made attractions, stupidly enjoying the pseudo-events and disregarding the real world outside. Over time the images generated by different tourist sights come to c
13、onstitute a close self-perpetuating system of illusions which provide the tourist with the basis for selecting and evaluating potential places to visit. Such visits are made, says Boorstin, within the “environmental bubble“ of the familiar American-style hotel which insulates the tourist from the st
14、rangeness of the host environment. To service the burgeoning tourist industry, an array of professionals has developed who attempt to reproduce ever-new objects for the tourist to look at. These objects or places are located in a complex and changing hierarchy. This depends upon the interplay (相互影响)
15、 between, on the one hand, competition between interests involved in the provision of such objects and, on the other hand, changing class, gender, and generational distinctions of taste within the potential population of visitors. It has been said that to be a tourist is one of the characteristics o
16、f the “modern experience“. Not to “go away“ is like not possessing a car or a nice house, travel is a marker of status in modem societies and is also thought to be necessary for good health. The role of the professional, therefore, is to cater for the needs and tastes of the tourists in accordance w
17、ith their class and overall expectations. （分数：71.00）(1).Tourism is a trivial subject.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(2).An analysis of deviance can act as a model for the analysis of tourism.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(3).Tourists usually choose to travel overseas.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(4).Tourists focus more on places th
18、ey visit than those at home.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(5).Tour operators try to cheat tourists.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(6).It has been said that to be a tourist is one of the characteristics of the modern experience.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(7).To service the burgeoning tourist industry, an array of professionals has
19、 developed who attempt to reproduce ever-new objects for the tourist to look at.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(8).The role of the 1, therefore, is to cater for the needs and tastes of the tourists in accordance with their class and overall expectations.（分数：7.10）填空项 1:_(9).Tourists tend to visit features of lan
20、dscape and townscape which 1 them off from everyday experience.（分数：7.10）填空项 1:_(10).Travel is a marker of status in modern societies and is also thought to be 1 for good health.（分数：7.10）填空项 1:_三、Listening Comprehens(总题数：1，分数：15.00)A.When he was 12.B.When he was 20.C.When he was 25.D.When he was five
21、.A.He refused to take the job because of the bad food.B.He cannot bear the foods smell so he may quit.C.Its difficult to work because the food smells so good.D.He is so hungry and wants to take a break.A.It was a long lecture, but easy to understand.B.It was not as easy as she had thought.C.It was a
22、s difficult as she had expected.D.It was interesting and easy to follow.A.Ask Tom to send an invitation.B.Get the Johnsons address.C.Invite Tom to the party.D.Tell Tom to pick up the Johnsons.A.The man is usually the last one to hand in his test paper.B.The man has made a mess of his final exam.C.Th
23、e man doesnt have a good study habit.D.The man is a very diligent student.A.Stop looking for the socks for he thinks none is left.B.Check the sales area.C.Ask somebody else.D.Stay where she is.A.At a newsstand.B.At a car dealers.C.At a publishing house.D.At a shopping mall.A.Go on with the game.B.Dr
24、aw pictures on the computer.C.Have a good rest.D.Review his lessons.四、Section B(总题数：2，分数：10.00)A.They are in a hotel.B.They are in a restaurant.C.They are in an ice-cream shop.D.They are in a snack bar.A.They have leek and smoked salmon tart.B.They have roast pork stuffed with prunes and shallots.C.
25、They have a main coursechicken with honey.D.They have the Manhattan clam chowder.A.He doesnt have any bread pudding.B.He doesnt have any salmon.C.He doesnt have any iced tea.D.He doesnt have any chicken soup.A.Energy and ambition.B.Hard work.C.Attitude.D.Much natural talent.A.Blind.B.Deaf.C.Healthy.
26、D.Dumb.A.She was struck by a high fever.B.She was involved in an accident.C.She was born deaf and blind.D.None of the above.A.Gold was discovered.B.The Transcontinental Railroad was completed.C.The Golden Gate Bridge was constructed.D.Telegraph communications were established with the East.A.Two mil
27、lion.B.Three million.C.Five million.D.Six million.A.Nineteen million dollars.B.Thirty-two million dollars.C.Thirty-seven million dollars.D.Forty-two million dollars.A.In about 20 years.B.Within a week.C.In a couple of weeks.D.As early as possible.A.Yes, of course.B.Possibly not.C.Not mentioned.D.Def
28、initely not.A.Her complaint was ignored.B.The store sent her the correct order.C.The store apologized for their mistake.D.The store picked up the wrong items.A.Walking under a tree.B.Hiding from the storm under a tree.C.Sitting on the ground under a tree.D.Running from under a tree to home.A.He felt
29、 nervous.B.He felt his room changed.C.He felt his face half in water.D.He felt he was trembling.A.Doctors believe that Edwards was never really blind or deaf.B.Edwards saw something after he was struck.C.Edwards lost his sight in a car accident.D.Edwards was unconscious for twenty minutes after he w
30、as struck.六、Section C(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Richard Henry, An American physicist, is (36) 1a new in which important days could fall on the same day of the week year after year. Instead of the familiar Gregorian (罗马教皇的) 365-day year with one (37) 2day added every four years. The new (38) 3offers a 364-day y
31、ear with a (39) 4week every five or six years. Richard Henry has taught physics and (40) 5courses in Johns Hopkins University for nearly thirty years. Although the (41) 6remains essentially the same, the homework is due on different dates each year and the exam dates changed, too. So, each year, he
32、has to make up a different (42) 7for his students. He said to himself, I dont mind doing that because I have to do it. But then one year I said, Wait, Im a (43) 8astronomer. Let me see whether this is necessary or not. And quickly I discovered that it is not necessary at all. That is because, (44) 9
33、. An astronomical year set by the motion of the earths rotation going a-round the sun is 365.2422 days long. And of course, 365 is not divisible by seven (45) 10. Each month in this revised year would have either 30 or 31 days, which means that eight months would be longer or shorter than they are n
34、ow. (46) 11. （分数：10.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_七、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：2，分数：355.00)Each for its own reason, the study of residential mobility has been a concern of three disciplines: sociology, economics, and geography. For the economist, resid
35、ential shifts provide a means for studying the housing and land markets. Geographers study mobility to understand the spatial distributions of population types. For the sociologist, interest in residential mobility has two sources: one stemming from the study of human ecology and the other, from a c
36、oncern with the peculiar qualities of urban life. “Of course, there are clearly overlapping concerns and it is often difficult to discern the disciplinary origins of a researcher by solely examining the kinds of questions he or she raises about mobility, although it is usually easier to identify a r
37、esearchers discipline by noting the methods used and the concepts employed. Urban mobility first appears in the sociological literature as a term expressing rather generalized qualities of urban, as opposed the non-urban life. Some sociologists refer to the mobility of the city as the considerable s
38、um of myriad and incessant sources of stimulation impinging upon the urban dweller, a sort of sensory overload which produces sophistication, indifference and a lowered level of affection in urban dwellers. There is simply so much to experience that the urban dwellers capacity is reduced to react in
39、 a “spontaneous“ and “natural“ way to urban existence. It is mobility in this sense that produces some of the special qualities of urban life , which , on the other hand, appeal to migrants as an escape from the dullness and oppression of rural existence with its lack of change and stimulation, and
40、on the other hand, produces anomie and alienation in a society where men see each other primarily as means to ends rather than as ends in themselves. Of course, mobility in this larger sense of sensory overload is not a concept which lends itself easily to measurement, especially since it is a macro
41、-system property. （分数：177.50）(1).Geographers who study mobility are most probably interested in_.（分数：35.50）A.the fact that people of different nationalities or ethnical groups reside in different placesB why people of one type prefer to isolate themselves from those of another typeC.peculiar charact
42、eristics of people from different countries in choosing living placesD.what types of people like to move frequently and why they keep changing their living places(2).According to the passage, examining the kinds of questions research raises about mobility is_.（分数：35.50）A.not an ideal way to identify
43、 his or her disciplinary originB.easier than noting the methods used and the concepts employedC.the only way to discern the disciplines he or she appliedD.too difficult to be used in finding out his or her disciplinary origins(3).Some sociologists believe that “sensory overload“ ( Para. 2)_.（分数：35.5
44、0）A.produces the dullness and oppression of rural existenceB.is responsible for some of evil characteristics of urban dwellersC.is the result of the mobility of the cityD.appeals to non-urban dwellers(4).According to the passage, in a society where there is anomie and alienation, people_.（分数：35.50）A
45、.can discern other peoples shortcomings but not their ownsB.hold hostile views to othersC.take advantage of others to achieve their own purposesD.are willing to help each other(5).The words “spontaneous“ and “natural“ (Para. 2) indicate that_.（分数：35.50）A.urban people lack creativity and originalityB
46、.urban people are clever than rural peopleC.urban life is colorful and interestingD.urban existence is full of change and stimulationA century ago in the United States, when an individual brought suit against a company, public opinion tended to protect that company. But perhaps this phenomenon was m
47、ost striking in the case of the railroads. Nearly half of all negligence cases decided through 1896 involved railroads. And the railroads usually won. Most of the cases were decided in state courts, when the railroads had the climate of the times on their sides. Government supported the railroad ind
48、ustry; the progress railroads represented was not to be slowed down by requiring them often to pay damages to those unlucky enough to be hurt working for them. Court decisions always went against railroad workers. A Mr. Farwell, an engineer, lost his right hand when a switchmans (铁路的转辙员) negligence ran his engine, off the track. The court reasoned that since Farwell had taken the job of an engineer voluntarily at good pay, he had accepted the risk. Therefore the accident, though
