1、大学英语四级 226及答案解析(总分：746.58，做题时间：130 分钟)一、Writing (30 minutes)(总题数：1，分数：30.00)1.For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic: To Grow Up in the Countryside or in a Big City? You should write at least 120 words according to the outline given below: 1孩子在乡下长大好还是城市长大好，
2、人们对此有不同看法 2我的观点 3结论 （分数：30.00）_二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：1，分数：71.00)The Problem of Scarce Resources The problem of how health-care resources should be distributed, so that they are distributed in both the most just and most efficient way, is not a new one. Every health system in an economically dev
3、eloped society is faced with the need to decide (either formally or informally) what proportion of the communitys total resources should be spent on health-care; how resources are to be apportioned(分配); what diseases and disabilities and which forms of treatment are to be given priority; which membe
4、rs of the community are to be given special consideration in respect of their health needs; and which forms of treatment are the most cost-effective. What is new is that, from the 1950s onwards, there have been certain general changes in outlook about the limit of resources as a whole and of health-
5、care resources in particular, as well as more specific changes regarding the clientele(委托人) of health-care resources and the cost to the community of those resources. Thus, in the 1950s and 1960s, there emerged an awareness in Western societies that resources for the provision of fossil fuel energy
6、were finite and exhaustible and that the capacity of nature or the environment to sustain economic development and population was also finite (有限的). In other words, we became aware of the obvious fact that there were “limits to growth“. The new consciousness that there were also severe limits to hea
7、lth-care resources was part of this general revelation(揭露) of the obvious. Looking back, it now seems quite incredible that in the national health systems that emerged in many countries in the years immediately after the 1939-1945 World War, it was assumed without question that all the basic health
8、needs of any community could be satisfied, at least in principle; the “invisible hand“ of economic progress would provide. However, at exactly the same time as this new realization of the finite character of health-care resources was sinking in, an awareness of a contrary kind was developing in West
9、ern societies: that people have a basic right to health-care as a necessary condition of a proper human life. Like education, political and legal processes and institutions, public order, communication, transport and money supply, health-care came to be seen as one of the fundamental social faciliti
10、es necessary for people to exercise their other rights as independent human beings. People are not in a position to exercise personal liberty and to be self-determining if they are poverty-stricken, or deprived of basic education, or do not live within a context of law and order. In the same way, ba
11、sic healthcare is a condition of the exercise of autonomy (自治). Although the language of “rights“ sometimes leads to confusion, by the late 1970s it was recognized in most societies that people have a right to health-care (though there has been considerable resistance in the United States to the ide
12、a that there is a formal right to health-care). It is also accepted that this right generates an obligation or duty for the state to ensure that adequate health-care resources are provided out of the public purse. The state has no obligation to provide a health-care system itself, but to ensure that
13、 such a system is provided. Put another way, basic health-care is now recognized as a “public good“, rather than a “private good“ that one is expected to guy for oneself. As the 1976 declaration of the World Health Organization put it: “The enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is o
14、ne of the fundamental rights of every human being without distinction(区别) of race, religion, political belief, economic or social condition.“ As has just been remarked, in a liberal society basic health is seen as one of the indispensable condition for the exercise of personal autonomy. Just at the
15、time when it became obvious that health-care resources could not possibly meet the demands being made upon them, people were demanding that their fundamental right to health-care be satisfied by the state. The second set of more specific changes that have led to the present concern about the distrib
16、ution of health-care resources stems from the dramatic rise in health costs in most OECD countries, accompanied by large-scale demographic and social changes which have meant, to take one example, that elderly people are now major (and relatively very expensive) consumers of health-care resources. T
17、hus in OECD countries as a whole, health costs increased form 3.8% of GDP in 1960 to 7% of GDP in 1980, and it has been predicted that the proportion of health costs to GDP will continue to increase. (In the US the current figure is about 12% of GDP, and in Australia about 7.8% of GDP.) As a consequ
18、ence, during the 1980s a kind of doomsday scenario(假想) (analogous to similar doomsday extrapolations (推断的) about energy needs and fossil fuels or about population increases) was projected by health administrators, economists and politicians. In this scenario, ever-rising health costs were matched ag
19、ainst static or declining resources. （分数：71.00）(1).The article is generally about the situation of health-care resources.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(2).In 1950s and 1960s, Eastern societies noticed that resources for the provision of fossil fuel energy were finite and exhaustible.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(3).Pers
20、onal liberty and independence have never been regarded as directly linked to health-care.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(4).Health-care came to be seen as a right at about the same time that the limits of healthcare resources became evident.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(5).In OECD countries population changes have had an
21、 impact on health-care costs in recent years.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(6).OECD governments have consistently underestimated the level of health-care provision needed.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(7).In most economically developed countries the elderly will have to make special provision for their health-care in the
22、 future.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(8).Someone has predicted that the proportion of health costs to GDP will_.（分数：7.10）_(9).During_, a kind of doomsday scenario was projected.（分数：7.10）_(10).In the scenario ever-rising health costs were matched against_.（分数：7.10）_三、Listening Comprehens(总题数：1，分数：15.00)A.She w
23、ill do anything but play golf.B.She seldom wants to do anything.C.She never plays, but shed like to.D.She is an enthusiastic golfer.A.She finds reading poetry rewarding.B.She made some beautiful pottery.C.She wrote some award-winning poems.D.She is now writing for a newspaper.A.They were inexpensive
24、.B.Hes going to give them away.C.They were free.D.He has to return them soon.A.He isnt going out today.B.The wind is dying down.C.The thinks today is Wednesday.D.The wind is strong today.A.Go over the list.B.Do some shopping.C.List everything her friend needs.D.Go for an outing.A.Find a larger room.
25、B.Buy two bookshelves.C.Sell the old table.D.Rearrange some furniture.A.He is in Europe to see his mother.B.He is on a European tour with his mother.C.He is at home on sick leave.D.He is attending his sick mother at home.A.A guest and a receptionist.B.A passenger and an air hostess.C.A customer and
26、a shop assistant.D.A guest and a waitress.四、Section B(总题数：2，分数：10.00)A.A project to improve mountain school educational level.B.An advertisement to call for financial help with mountain children.C.A summer school program to train mountain school teachers.D.A public service group who put up an advert
27、isement for donations.A.On TV.B.On the Internet.C.In the newspaper.D.On radio.A.Their poor life.B.Their schoolwork.C.Their mountain schools.D.Their schooling.A.Global warming.B.Humans actions.C.Industry pollution.D.Weather changes.A.Because she has experienced an extremely cold winter.B.Because she
28、has not heard any discussion about it.C.Because she doesnt think things are getting worse.D.Because she knows that man has done a lot about it.A.Peoples unawareness about global warming.B.Flooding in the Indian coast.C.Changes in the global weather system.D.Pollution and deforestation.A.Serious.B.Un
29、common.C.Usual.D.Light.A.In pleasant situations.B.In quiet situations.C.In violent circumstances.D.In gloomy circumstances.A.A child.B.An elderly person.C.A sick person.D.Anyone.A.A piece of news.B.A radio program.C.A story.D.An announcement.A.People knew of Fly Spy in the past.B.A very small radio
30、station is placed in the body of each spy.C.It is easy for people to discover a fly spy.D.These spies are sent flying everywhere in the world.A.For scouting.B.For collecting rubbish.C.For amusement.D.For collecting peoples secrets.A.Two square meters.B.Two square millimeters.C.Less than two square m
31、illimeters.D.Twice the size of two square millimeters.A.A deep, but beautiful voice.B.Good grammar.C.Understanding of the audiences view points.D.Full information on the subject.A.Confusing writing is not good writing.B.Writing is not easy for everyone.C.Correct grammar is part of good writing.D.Any
32、one can learn to write.A.His advice is still useful today.B.He knew nothing about writing.C.He was a popular teacher.D.He was born under a lucky star.六、Section C(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Television now plays such an important part in so many peoples lives that it is (36) 1 for us to try to decide whether is a
33、 (37) 2 or a curse. Obviously television has both (38) 3 and dis. But do the former (39) 4 the latter? In the first place, television is not only a convenient source of entertainment, but also a (40) 5 cheap one. They just sit comfortably at home and enjoy (41) 6 series of programmes rather than to
34、go out in search of (42) 7 elsewhere. Some people, however, maintain that this is (43) 8 where the danger lies. (44) 9. Secondly, television keeps one informed about current events, allows one to follow the latest developments in science and politics. Yet here again there is a danger. The television
35、 screen itself has a terrible, almost physical fascination for us. (45) 10. There are many other arguments for and against television. The poor quality of its programmes is often criticized. But it is undoubtedly a great comfort to many lonely elderly people. And does it corrupt or instruct our chil
36、dren? (46) 11. （分数：10.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_七、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：2，分数：355.00)As we have seen, the focus of medical care in our society has been shifting from curing disease to preventing disease especially in terms of changing our many
37、unhealthy behaviors, such as poor eating habits, smoking, and failure to exercise. The line of thought involved in this shift can be pursued further. Imagine a person who is about the right weight, but does not eat very nutritious (有影响的) foods, who feels OK but exercises only occasionally, who goes
38、to work every day, but is not an outstanding worker, who drinks a few beers at home most nights but does not drive while drunk, and who has no chest pains or abnormal blood counts, but sleeps a lot and often feels tired. This person is not ill. He may not even be at risk for any particular disease.
39、But we can imagine that this person could be a lot healthier. The field of medicine has not traditionally distinguished between someone who is merely “not ill“ and someone who is in excellent health and pays attention to the bodys special needs. Both types have simply been called “ well.“ In recent
40、years, however, some health specialists have begun to apply the terms “well“ and “wellness“ only to those who are actively striving to maintain and improve their health. People who are well are concerned with nutrition and exercise, and they make a point of monitoring their bodys condition. Most imp
41、ortant, perhaps, people who are well take active responsibility for all matters related to their health. Even people who have a physical disease or handicap (缺陷) may be “well,“ in this new sense, if they make an effort to maintain the best possible health they can in the face of their physical limit
42、ations. “Wellness“ may perhaps best be viewed not as a state that people can achieve, but as an ideal that people can strive for. People who are well are likely to be better able to resist disease and to fight disease when it strikes. And by focusing attention on healthy ways of living, the concept
43、of wellness can have a beneficial impact on the ways in which people face the challenges of daily life. （分数：177.50）(1).Today medical care is placing more stress on_.（分数：35.50）A.keeping people in a healthy physical conditionB.monitoring patients body functionsC.removing peoples bad living habitsD.ens
44、uring peoples psychological well-being(2).In the first paragraph, people are reminded that_.（分数：35.50）A.good health is more than not being illB.drinking, even if not to excess, could be harmfulC.regular health checks are essential to keeping fitD.prevention is more difficult than cure(3).Traditional
45、ly, a person is considered “well“ if he_.（分数：35.50）A.does not have any unhealthy living habitsB.does not have any physical handicapsC.is able to handle his daily routinesD.is free from any kind of disease(4).According to the author, the true meaning of “wellness“ is for people_.（分数：35.50）A.to best s
46、atisfy their bodys special needsB.to strive to maintain the best possible healthC.to meet the strictest standards of bodily healthD.to keep a proper balance between work and leisure(5).According to what the author advocates, which of the following groups of people would be considered healthy?（分数：35.
47、50）A.People who have strong muscles as well as slim figures.B.People who are not presently experiencing any symptoms of disease.C.People who try to be as healthy as possible, regardless of their limitations.D.People who can recover from illness even without seeking medical care.The view over a valley or a tiny village with thatched (草盖的) roof cottages around a church; a drive through a narrow village street lined with thatched cottages painted pink or white; the sight over the rolling hills of a pretty collection of thatched farm buildings these are still common
