1、大学英语四级 136 及答案解析(总分：746.52，做题时间：130 分钟)一、Writing (30 minutes)(总题数：1，分数：30.00)1.For this part you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Should Women Have Equal Job Opportunities with Men based on the following chart. You should write at least 120 words. （分数：30.00）_二、Reading C
2、omprehensio(总题数：1，分数：71.00)Wetlands What are wetlands? Wetlands can be thought of as “biological supermarkets.“ They provide great volumes of food that attract many animal species. These animals use wetlands for part of or all of their life-cycle. Dead plant leaves and stems break down in the water
3、to form small particles of organic material called “detritus.“ This enriched material feeds many small aquatic (水生的) insects, shellfish, and small fish that are food for larger predatory (食肉的) fish, reptiles, amphibians (两栖动物) , birds, and mammals. What are the functions and values of wetlands? Long
4、 regarded as wastelands, wetlands are now recognized as important features in the landscape that provide numerous beneficial services for people and for fish and wildlife. Some of these services, or functions, include water quality improvement, floodwater storage, fish and wildlife habitat, aestheti
5、cs, and biological productivity. These beneficial services, considered valuable to societies worldwide, are the result of the inherent and unique natural characteristics of wetlands. Water storage. Wetlands function like natural tubs or sponges, storing water and slowly releasing it. This process sl
6、ows the waters momentum and erosive potential, reduces flood heights, and allows for ground water recharge, which contributes to base flow to surface water systems during dry periods. Although a small wetland might not store much water, a network of many small wetlands can store an enormous amount o
7、f water. The ability of wetlands to store floodwaters reduces the risk of costly property damage and loss of lifebenefits that have economic value to us. For example, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers found that protecting wetlands along the Charles River in Boston, Massachusetts, saved $17 million i
8、n potential flood damage. Water filtration. After being slowed by a wetland, water moves around plants, allowing the suspended sediment to drop out and settle to the wetland floor. Nutrients from fertilizer application, manure, leaking septic tanks, and municipal sewage that are dissolved in the wat
9、er are often absorbed by plant roots and microorganisms in the soil. Other pollutants stick to soil particles. In many cases, this filtration process removes much of the waters nutrient and pollutant load by the time it leaves a wetland. Some types of wetlands are so good at this filtration function
10、 that environmental managers construct similar artificial wetlands to treat storm water and wastewater. Biological productivity. Wetlands are some of the most biologically productive natural ecosystems in the world, comparable to tropical rain forests and coral reefs in their productivity and the di
11、versity of species they support. Abundant vegetation and shallow water provide diverse habitats for fish and wildlife. Aquatic plant life flourishes in the nutrient-rich environment, and energy converted by the plants is passed up the food chain to fish, waterfowl, and other wildlife and to us as we
12、ll. This function supports valuable commercial fish and shellfish industries. Fish and wildlife habitat. More than one-third of the United States threatened and endangered species live only in wetlands, and nearly half use wetlands at some point in their lives. Many other animals and plants depend o
13、n wetlands for survival. For many animals and plants, like wood ducks and swamp rose, inland wetlands are the only places they can live. For others, such as black bear, raccoon (浣熊) , and deer, wetlands provide important food, water, or shelter. Many of the U.S. breeding bird populationsincluding du
14、cks, geese, woodpeckers, hawks, and many song-birdsfeed, nest, and raise their young in wetlands. Migratory waterfowl use coastal and inland wetlands as resting, feeding, breeding, or nesting grounds for at least part of the year. Recreation and aesthetics. Wetlands have recreational, historical, sc
15、ientific, and cultural values. More than half of all U.S. adults hunt, fish, birdwatch or photograph wildlife. They spend a total of $59.5 billion annually. Painters and writers continue to capture the beauty of wetlands on canvas and paper, or through cameras, and video and sound recorders. Others
16、appreciate these wonderlands through hiking, boating, and other recreational activities. Almost everyone likes being on or near the water; part of the enjoyment is the varied, fascinating life forms. How are wetlands protected? The federal government protects wetlands through regulations, economic i
17、ncentives and disincentives, cooperative programs, and acquisition. Beyond the federal level, a number of states have enacted laws to regulate activities in wetlands, and some counties and towns have adopted local wetlands protection ordinances (法令) or have changed the way development is permitted.
18、Most coastal states have significantly reduced losses of coastal wetlands through protective laws. Few states, however, have laws specifically regulating activities in inland wetlands, although some states and local governments have non-regulatory programs that help protect wetlands. Recently, partn
19、erships to manage whole watersheds have developed among federal, state, tribal, and local governments; nonprofit organizations; and private landowners. The goal of these partnerships is to implement comprehensive, integrated watershed protection approaches. A watershed approach recognizes the inter-
20、connectedness of water, land, and wetlands resources and results in more complete solutions that address more of the factors causing wetland degradation. The government achieves the restoration of former or degraded wetlands under the Clean Water Act Section 404 program as well as through watershed
21、protection initiatives. Together, partners can share limited resources to find the best solutions to protect and restore Americas natural resources. While regulation, economic incentives, and acquisition programs are important, they alone cannot protect the majority of our remaining wetlands. Educat
22、ion of the public and efforts in conjunction with states, local governments, and private citizens are helping to protect wetlands and to increase appreciation of the functions and values of wetlands. The rate of wetlands loss has been slowing, but we still have work to do. You can be a part. Approxi
23、mately 75 percent of wetlands are privately owned, so individual landowners are critical in protecting these national treasures. What can you do? Despite the efforts of governments and private conservation organizations, pressures that destroy wetlands will continue. The problems of degradation of w
24、etlands from pollution, urban encroachment, groundwater withdrawals, partial drainage, and other actions also require attention. Many opportunities exist for private citizens, corporations, government agencies, and other groups to work together to slow the rate of wetland loss and to improve the qua
25、lity of our remaining wetlands. First, state and local governments need to be encouraged to establish programs to effectively protect wetlands, especially inland wetlands, within their borders. Second, because individual landowners and corporations own many of the nations wetlands, they are in a key
26、 position to determine the fate of wetlands on their properties. Finally, all citizens, whether or not they own wetlands, can help protect wetlands by supporting wetlands conservation initiatives. Wetlands are an important part of our national heritage. Our economic well-being and quality of life la
27、rgely depend on our nations wealth of natural resources, and wetlands are the vital link between our land and water resources. As wetlands are lost, the remaining wetlands become even more valuable. We have already lost many of our nations wetlands since America was first settled. We must now take p
28、ositive steps to protect wetlands to ensure that the functions and related values they provide will be preserved for present and future generations. （分数：71.00）(1).The passage gives a general description of the functions and values and protection of wetlands.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(2).Wetlands can be tho
29、ught of as “biological supermarkets“ because dead plant leaves and stems break down in the water.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(3).Wetlands function like natural tubs or sponges, storing water and slowly releasing it.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(4).Wetlands are some of the most biologically productive natural ecosystem
30、s in the world, comparable to tropical rain forests and coral reefs in their productivity and the diversity of species they support.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(5).More than half of the United States threatened and endangered species live only in wetlands, and nearly one-third use wetlands at some point in t
31、heir lives.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(6).Wetlands dont have any recreational, historical, scientific, and cultural values at all.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(7).Eighteen states have enacted laws to regulate activities in wetlands.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(8).The beneficial functions of wetlands, considered valuable to so
32、cieties worldwide, are the result of the inherent and unique_.（分数：7.10）_(9).Some types of wetlands are so good at this filtration function that environmental managers construct similar artificial wetlands to treat_.（分数：7.10）_(10).We should do all we can to protect wetlands to ensure that their funct
33、ions and values will be preserved for_.（分数：7.10）_三、Listening Comprehens(总题数：1，分数：15.00)A.They are both anxious to try Italian food.B.They are likely to have dinner together.C.The man will treat the woman to dinner tonight.D.The woman refused to have dinner with the man.A.Its only for rent, not for s
34、ale.B.Its not as good as advertised.C.Its being redecorated.D.Its no longer available.A.Colleagues.B.Husband and wife.C.Employer and employee.D.Mother and son.A.She contacts her parents occasionally.B.She phones her parents regularly at weekends.C.She visits her parents at weekends when the fares ar
35、e down.D.She often calls her parents regardless of the rates.A.The next bus is coming soon.B.The bus will wait a few minutes at the stop.C.There are only two or three passengers waiting for the bus.D.They can catch this bus without running.A.The assignment looks easy but actually its quite difficult
36、.B.The assignment is too difficult for them to complete on time.C.They cannot finish the assignment until Thursday.D.They have plenty of time to work on the assignment.A.The man will go to meet the woman this evening.B.The man and the woman have an appointment at 7 oclock.C.The woman cant finish mak
37、ing the jam before 7 oclock.D.The woman wont be able to see the man this evening.A.Shes learned a lot from the literature class.B.Shes written some books about world classics.C.Shes met some of the worlds best writers.D.Shes just back from a trip round the world.A.The exam was easier than the previo
38、us one.B.Joe is sure that he will do better in the next exam.C.Joe probably failed in the exam.D.The oral part of the exam was easier than the written part.A.She is tired of driving in heavy traffic.B.She doesnt mind it as the road conditions are good.C.She is unhappy to have to drive such a long wa
39、y every day.D.She enjoys it because shes good at driving.四、Section B(总题数：2，分数：10.00)A.He performed military service there.B.He went there for a sight-seeing.C.He went there to do something different.D.He was sitting there talking to Julia.A.More than twenty -one years old.B.More than twenty -two yea
40、rs oldC.More that twenty-three years old.D.More than twenty-four years old.A.By talking to everybody.B.By studying American history.C.By putting a number on it.D.By making a guess at this.A.He wants to play basketball with friends from work.B.He wants to try out for the company baseball team.C.He wa
41、nts to get in shape and compete in a cycling race.D.He wants to lose weight by taking fitness exercises.A.She cared much for her husbands gaining weight.B.She is concerned about her husbands health.C.She is afraid her husband will become a fitness freak.D.She is worried her husband will spend too mu
42、ch time away from home.A.Her husband should see a doctor.B.Her husband needs to visit a fitness trainer.C.Her husband should start with a light workout.D.Her husband should go cycling every day.A.It is advantageous to the brains.B.It helps strengthen the heart.C.It is good for improving muscle tone.
43、D.It helps develop mental toughness.A.The long distance between his hometown and New York.B.His criminal record.C.The high unemployment rate in New York.D.His unpopular character.A.He wanted to be put in prison again.B.He needed the money to support his family.C.He hated the barber there.D.He wanted
44、 to make himself well known.A.He went directly to the police station.B.He drove out of the town and tried to escape.C.He waited for the police to arrest him.D.He argued with the police angrily.A.Mr. Spears enjoyed living in prison.B.Mr. Spears was known as a greedy man in his community.C.The police
45、in New York were not very efficient.D.The only way for Mr. Spears to support his family was by going to prison again.A.Serious.B.Uncommon.C.Usual.D.Light.A.In pleasant situations.B.In quiet situations.C.In violent circumstances.D.In gloomy circumstances.A.A child.B.An elderly person.C.A sick person.
46、D.Anyone.A.A piece of news.B.A radio program.C.A story.D.An announcement.A.Americans life-style.B.Me-books.C.Do-it-yourself.D.Mind your own business.A.It publishes books with aid of computers.B.It only publishes childrens books.C.It “personalizes“ the books by having the computer make the reader the
47、 leading character in the story.D.It publishes books written by oneself.A.To tell children how to learn to read.B.To love animals.C.To love life.D.To develop enthusiasm for reading and help a child to learn how to read.六、Section C(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Today it is perfectly natural for us to shake hands wh
48、en we greet someone, or say good-bye. But like so many other things we do without thinking such actions at one time probably (36) 1something else. For example, in (37) 2 life the hand was probably a symbol of power and (38) 3. The hand was used to fight enemies, kill animals and make spears and tools. So when the hand was (39) 4 to someone, it could have represented good will, since it showed that the person was not (
