1、大学英语四级-267 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：0，分数：0.00)What“s Wrong with Science?Direct criticism is an essential part of science, for it is how bad ideas are removed from good ones. So when Randy Schekman, one of the 2013 crop of Nobel prize-winners (for physiology or medicine,
2、in his case), decided to criticize the way scientific journals are run, he did not hold back. Dr Schekman chose the week of the prize giving to announce that the laboratory he runs at the University of California, Berkeley, will resist what he describes as “luxury journals“. By that he meant those c
3、ommonly regarded as the most famous, such as Cell, Nature and Science . He levels two charges against such journals. The first is that, aware of their reputation and keen to protect it, they artificially restrict the number of papers they acceptacting, as he put it in an interview with the Guardian
4、, a British newspaper, like “fashion designers who create limited-edition handbags or suits. knowing scarcity stimulates demand“. Their behavior, he says, is more helpful for the selling of subscriptions than the publishing of the best research. Second, he argues that science as a whole is being dis
5、torted (歪曲) by wrong motivations, especially the tyranny (暴虐) of the “ impact factor “, a number that aims to measure how important a given journal is. Researchers who publish in journals with a high impact factorlike the three named abovecan expect promotion, pay rises and professional honors. Thos
6、e that do not can expect obscurity (默默无闻) or even unemployment, a Darwinian system known among academics as “publish or perish“. Dr Schekman may not be the most disinterested commentator. Besides his job at Berkeley, he also edits eLife , an open-access journal with ambitions to compete with the top
7、 dogs, and which is supported by a trio of wealthy science charities. Many worry that the pressure to publish flashy research in famous journals encourages hype and faddishness. Jobbing scientists can be reluctant to speak up, fearful of the damage they might do to their careers by rocking the boat.
8、 But one of the many advantages of being a Nobel winner is that you no longer have to worry about such things.（分数：12.50）(1).Why is direct criticism so important in science?（分数：2.50）A.Because it can clear up bad ideas.B.Because it may contain inspiration.C.Because it can help scientists win prizes.D.
9、Because it can motivate scientists to be good.(2).Why do the luxury journals limit the number of papers they accept?（分数：2.50）A.Because they want to publish the best research.B.Because they have limited space for the papers.C.Because they do not want to waste their time.D.Because they“d like to prote
10、ct their reputation.(3).What does “ impact factor “ (Line 2, Para. 4) refer to?（分数：2.50）A.A number that measures the importance of one journal.B.A number that measures how well one journal sells.C.A number that measures how much science has been distorted.D.A number that measures the influence of so
11、ciety on one journal.(4).Which may happen if a researcher doesn“t publish in important journals?（分数：2.50）A.Get promoted.B.Win honors.C.Make progress.D.Lose job.(5).Why are jobbing scientists unwilling to tell their discontent of the pressure to publish?（分数：2.50）A.Because they are afraid of the damag
12、e to their careers.B.Because they do not care about the pressure very much.C.Because they feel comfortable with such pressure.D.Because they count on such pressure to work hard.Stores Welcome Holiday Shopping ProcrastinatorsWith just one week until Christmas, retailers are rolling out shopper-baitin
13、g (引诱) strategies to attract procrastinators (拖延者), deal-hunters and people who just want a few extra Christmas gifts. Strategies include offering extended shopping hours, free shipping, last-minute-shopping ad campaigns and social media reminders that time is ticking away. The week leading up to Ch
14、ristmas is usually when consumers open their wallets wide the Saturday before the holiday traditionally being the biggest spending day behind Black Friday, according to shopper analytics firm ShopperTrak. Four of the 10 busiest holiday shopping days will occur between Dec. 20 and Dec. 24, ShopperTra
15、k predicts. This holiday shopping season is shorter than last, with six fewer daystranslating into just four weekends. There will be “high levels of in-store shopper activity“ the weekend before Christmas, says Shopping Trak founder Bill Martin. Here“s how retailers are trying to get the attention o
16、f gift buyers: Going social in their countdown warnings. Companies are using social media to remind customers that Christmas is coming and to offer gift suggestions. Best Buy is using the Twitter tag “Last Minute Gifts“ to promote its goods and on Tuesday evening hosted a Google Hangout chat with th
17、e last-minute gift theme. Targeting procrastinators. On Wednesday, J.C. Penney launches a “men in panic“ TV ad. In it, a desperate man walk by a store as a small choir sings “point him to the jewelry so he won“t buy a “vacuum“. Offering free shipping. Many retailers, including J.C. Penney, have embr
18、aced Wednesday as “Free Shipping Day“no minimum order, and delivery by Christmas Eve is guaranteed. FreeShippingD has a list of nearly 900 participating merchants. Extending store hours. Nordstrom, Target and Toys R Us all have longer hours now or coming up. Toys R Us will be open around the clock f
19、or 87 continuous hours beginning at 6 a.m. Saturday, Dec. 21, through 9 p.m. Christmas Eve. “Expanded hours at this time of year have proven to be very popular with customers in the past, but with the shortened shopping window between Thanksgiving and Christmas, and no time left to procrastinate, we
20、 expect to see larger crowds at all hours.“ says company spokeswoman Linda.（分数：12.50）(1).What does “ open their wallets wide “ ( Line 1, Para. 3 ) mean?（分数：2.50）A.To let others take their money.B.To show off their wealth.C.To spend a lot of money.D.To buy big wallets.(2).How long was the holiday sho
21、pping season of last year?（分数：2.50）A.Four weekends.B.Five weekends.C.Six weekends.D.Seven weekends.(3).What strategy is Best Buy taking to attract consumers?（分数：2.50）A.Going social in their countdown warnings.B.Targeting procrastinators.C.Offering free shipping.D.Extending store hours.(4).On which d
22、ay will J.C. Penney offer free shipping?（分数：2.50）A.Tuesday.B.Wednesday.C.Saturday.D.Friday.(5).When is the proper time to go shopping in Toys R Us before Christmas?（分数：2.50）A.11 p.m. Dec. 25.B.10 p.m. Dec. 24.C.6 a.m. Dec. 20.D.6 a.m. Dec. 23.A Family Left a Waitress “Lifestyle“ Tip instead of CashA
23、 family who didn“t tip a waitress on a $100 bill because they didn“t approve of her “lifestyle“ may not be welcome back at Gallop Asian Bistro here. A couple dining with their two middle-school-age children Wednesday made their judgment of Dayna Morales, a Marine veteran, simply by looking at her. T
24、hey let her know what they thought with a scribbled (潦草书写) message on their $93.55 check. “I“m sorry but I cannot tip because I do not agree with your lifestyle and how you live your life,“ the note reads. “The short hair and clothes just gave it away in her eyes,“ Morales, 22, said Thursday evening
25、 after she had posted a picture of the check and her own rant(痛骂) on a gay-friendly Facebook page called “Have a Gay Day.“ Her post went viral on the Internet and was picked up by national websites, including the Huffington Post. She said the response has “put a smile on my face.“ Morales said when
26、she introduced herself to the family at the table the woman responded, “Oh, I thought you were going to say your name is Dan. You surprised us!“ Morales didn“t respond, but never thought they wouldn“t leave a tip. “You“ve got to bite your tongue and kiss up (溜须拍马). We live off tips,“ she said about
27、life as a restaurant server. She shared what happened online because “others need to be informed this is still going on“. She said her boss isn“t upset with her posting the checkin fact, the family may not be allowed back at the restaurant, which opened about four months ago. “We are kind of a big f
28、amily so they all took it to heart. My manager assured me that if they had seen the check before the family left they would have confronted them,“ she said. Morales, who lives in Bedminster, N.J., served in the Marine Corps from 2009 to 2011. She once taught preschool with Children of America in New
29、 York. Servers have taken their rage at stingy (吝啬的) customers to Facebook and the blogs in recent years, and their online rants track a nice-nasty trend of notes without tips.（分数：12.50）(1).Why didn“t the family tip Dayna Morales?（分数：2.50）A.They were not satisfied with her service.B.They disliked he
30、r as a lesbian.C.They wanted to save it to spend less.D.They hated girls with short hair.(2).Why was Morales so angry?（分数：2.50）A.Because the family left little tip for her.B.Because the family mocked at her appearance.C.Because the family looked down upon waitresses.D.Because the family treated her
31、unfriendly and unfairly.(3).Why did Morales share her experience online?（分数：2.50）A.Because she wanted the family to be criticized.B.Because some national websites paid her to do this.C.Because she hoped others to know this is still happening.D.Because she needed to release her terrible feelings.(4).
32、What is the attitude of Morales“ boss to the issue?（分数：2.50）A.Her boss decided to confront the family.B.Her boss supported her whole-heartedly.C.Her boss was angry about what she did.D.Her boss was worried about the influence.(5).What do the servers“ online rants imply?（分数：2.50）A.Servers begin to co
33、mplain more often.B.Servers are harder to be satisfied.C.Customers tend to leave notes instead of tips.D.Customers do not respect servers anymore.The 5 Key Habits of Lifelong ReadersHow do people become lifelong readers? That“s a subject tackled in a new book, Reading in the Wild. The Book Whisperer
34、“s Keys to Cultivating Lifelong Reading Habits , by Donalyn Miller, a sixth-grade language arts teacher in Texas who is known as the Book Whisperer. After her first book, The Book Whisperer: Awakening the Inner Reader in Every Child , was published in 2009, she began to notice that students whom she
35、 had taught to be independent readers in her class moved on to the next grade and suddenly stopped reading. “Why then do they still need a teacher to plan their reading lives?“ she said she wondered after students who had left her class visited and told her they weren“t reading much anymore. That“s
36、when Miller realized that the students still did not have “reading role models“. They still didn“t know how to schedule reading time, or how to pick books on their own. So with experienced teacher Susan Kelly, Miller wrote “Reading in the Wild: The Book Whisperer“s Keys to Cultivating Lifelong Readi
37、ng Habits,“ which explains how to cultivate lifelong reading habits. Here are the five key habits of lifelong readers. Dedicate time to read. They make the best of the moments in their days when they are bored or waiting, and rack up significant reading time by stealing it. Successfully self-select
38、reading material. They are confident when selecting books to read and can choose books successfully that meet their interests, needs, and reading abilities. Share books and reading with other readers. Reading communities provide a peer group of other readers who challenge and support us. Children re
39、ad more when they see other people reading. Have reading plans. They plan to read beyond their current book. Reading is not a casual, once-in-a-while pursuit. Show preferences for genres (体裁), authors, and topics. Yes, children need to read widely and experience a wide range of texts as part of thei
40、r literacy educations. But lifelong readers express strong preferences in the books they like to read gravitating toward specific genres, writing styles, topics, and beloved authors.（分数：12.50）(1).What is Donalyn Miller“s new book about?（分数：2.50）A.It is about how to select reading materials.B.It is a
41、bout how to become lifelong readers.C.It is about how to be a reading teacher.D.It is about how to keep students reading.(2).Which is not the reason why Miller“s former students stopped reading?（分数：2.50）A.They didn“t know how to arrange reading time.B.They didn“t know how to choose books by themselv
42、es.C.They were lack of “reading role models“.D.They were not fond of reading books anymore.(3).How do lifelong readers arrange their reading time?（分数：2.50）A.They read at a fixed time every day.B.They read whenever they want.C.They make full use of their spare time to read.D.They spend all their spar
43、e time in the library.(4).Lifelong readers select reading materials according to _.（分数：2.50）A.their own interests, time and reading abilitiesB.their own interests, needs and reading abilitiesC.their own reading abilities, salaries and needsD.their own needs, reading abilities and resources(5).What d
44、oes “gravitating“ (Line 4, Para 10) mean?（分数：2.50）A.Being attracted.B.Feeling bad.C.Falling down.D.Being reluctant.How Romance Destroyed Traditional MarriageFor most of recorded human history, marriage was an arrangement designed to maximize (最大化) financial stability. Elizabeth Abbott, the author of
45、 A History of Marriage , explains that in ancient times, marriage was intended to unite various parts of a community, establishing beneficial economic relationships. “Because it was a financial arrangement, it was thought of and operated as such. It was a contract between families. For example, let“
46、s say I“m a printer and you make paper, we might want a marriage between our children because that will improve our businesses.“ Even the honeymoon, often called the “bridal tour“, was a communal (群体的) affair, with parents, brothers and sisters, and other close relatives traveling together to reinfo
47、rce their new familial relationships. By the Middle Ages, gender inequality was not only honored in social customs, but also common law. In most European countries, married women were forced to give up control over any personal wealth and property rights to their husbands. Eventually, the system bec
48、ame known as “coverture“ (有夫之妇), whereby married couples became a single legal entity in which the husband had all power. By the 19th century, the conflict between love and money had come to a head. As the Western world advanced towards a more modern, industrialized society built on wage labor, emot
49、ional bonds became more private, focused more on immediate family and friends than communal celebrations. Simultaneously, mass media helped make sentimental inclinations a larger part of popular culture, with the flourishing of holidays like Valentine“s Day and various hobbies. Culturally speaking, love was in the air, and the union of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert in 1840 only served to seal the deal. Though Victoria and Albert“s marriage was sanctioned by their royal families, it was also hailed as a true “love match“, strengthening the new ideal of romantic
