1、大学英语四级-261 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：0，分数：0.00)The Future of Work Is Rich in TechnologyA. We check e-mail as soon as we reach home, and take a look at our inboxes along the way. We respond to calls, texts, and messages even while on vacation. At work, we use Cisco Telepre
2、sence (远程呈现) or Skype to discuss with colleagues all over the world. Companies often allow employees to work from home for one or two days a week; some let them live in remote locations. This has all become the norm. A decade ago, we could not have imagined being always on, always connected, with wo
3、rk following us wherever we go. B. This is just the beginning. The nature of work itself is changing for knowledge workers. During this decade, location will cease to be a barrier; many types of work will be done as micro-tasks; and we will be cooperating in new ways. What will be most problematic i
4、s that our employers will make even greater demands on us and further intrude (侵入) into our lives. This is the future we are headed into, whether we like it or not. C. For our grandparents, “work“ was almost always in a factory or on a farm. Today, the farm and factory jobs are performed by a decrea
5、sing minority. There are still many jobs in the services sector that require physical work. But increasingly our workforce is performing tasks that are done with the mindthat require knowledge and skill. These knowledge jobs can be assisted by technology. D. Note how accounting firms routinely outso
6、urce (把外包) boring work, as do lawyers, and as do doctors, for tasks such as medical transcription. Not long ago, small and mid-sized projects were outsourced through Web sitesnot just to India but also to remote workers in the United States and Europe. A micro-task economy is now flourishing on some
7、 sites, in which smaller tasks are farmed out. Big and small tasks such as data handling, Web site development, design, and transcription are commonly done by workers in diverse locations. Crowdsourcing (众包) is making it possible for work to be done simultaneously (同时地) by many peopleno matter where
8、 they are. E. Businesses are beginning to do this as well. Rather than locking workers in departmental silos (筒仓), companies on the cutting edge are encouraging employees to start communicating with each other on internal social-media sites. What used to be the quarterly e-mail from the CEO has beco
9、me a kind of information-sharing within companiesat all levels. Companies will start designing and developing new products and services by engaging their entire employee base. F. Telepresence robots are taking video conferencing to a new level. There are several products on the market, such as Beam
10、by Suitable Technologies and Fellow Robots, that allow a screen mounted on a mobile platform to move around the office and experience what is happening in a more human way. Imagine walking into your boss“s office while you are at home, stepping into a conference room to join a meeting, or chit-chatt
11、ing with your peers around the water fountain. Next generation video-conferencing technologies such as Mezzanine by Oblong Industries are using multiple screens and spatial user interfaces (界面) to allow people in different locations to cooperate and share electronic information in a science fiction-
12、like setting. G. We can expect Google Glass-type devices to bring the computer display to our bodyso that we view the screen on our glasses and don“t need to sit at a desk any more. I expect future versions to provide 3D experiences that simulate the holodecks (全景操作平台) we saw in Star Trek. And who k
13、nows, we may well have holodecks that make it feel as though we are togetherbut that is getting too far into the future. During this decade, we“ll have to settle for 2D interfaces and 3D simulations. H. This is all excitingand terrifying enough. But what worries me is the intrusion (侵入) that compani
14、es will increasingly make into our lives and the exhaustion we will suffer from always being at the call of our employers. I know from personal experience how hard it is to turn off e-mail and disconnect from social media. This will only get worse for all of us as we become more connected. I. And th
15、en there will be demands by our employers for us to better manage our lifestylesso that they can reduce their health bills and get more out of us. Just as companies reward workers who join health clubs and stop smoking, we will see them making greater demands. They will be able to measure what we do
16、 because we will increasingly be wearing biometric (生物计量的)-monitoring devices such as the Nike FuelBand and Fitbit Flex and our smartphones will be adding new sensors. The new generation of sensor-based devices will continually gather data about our movement, heart rate, weight, sleep, and other hea
17、lth-related matters and upload these to the cloud. Before giving you more sick leave, employers will probably demand that you improve your lifestyle and habits. J. All of this may seem like science fiction, but it isn“t. The future is happening faster than we think and changing important parts of ou
18、r existence.（分数：25.00）(1).Today, only a decreasing minority of people work in factories and on farms.（分数：2.50）(2).The boundary between work and life will become obscure and knowledge workers“ lives will be further invaded by their work.（分数：2.50）(3).Employees of companies on the cutting edge are enco
19、uraged to connect with each other through internal social-media sites.（分数：2.50）(4).With the help of the new generation of sensor-based devices, our health- related data will be gathered and uploaded to the cloud.（分数：2.50）(5).To work at home for one or two days a week has already become something com
20、mon.（分数：2.50）(6).Telepresence robots are making video conferences more like real conferences.（分数：2.50）(7).Google Glass-type devices are expected to enable us to view the computer screen without sitting at a desk.（分数：2.50）(8).It“s quite popular that companies farm out their small projects through Web
21、 sites（分数：2.50）(9).It will be harder for us to turn off e-mail and get away from social media as we become more connected online.（分数：2.50）(10).Because of crowdsourcing, it is possible for work to be done by many people of various places at the same time.（分数：2.50）The Dark Side of Emotional Intelligen
22、ceA. Some of the greatest moments in human history were fueled by emotional intelligence. When Martin Luther King, Jr. presented his dream, he chose the language that would stir the hearts of his audience. Dr. King demonstrated remarkable skill in managing his own emotions and in sparking emotions t
23、hat moved his audience to action. Recognizing the power of emotions, another one of the most influential leaders of the 20th century spent years studying the emotional effects of his body language. Practicing his hand gestures and analyzing images of his movements allowed him to become “an absolutel
24、y attractive public speaker,“ says the historian Roger Moorhouse“it was something he worked very hard on.“ His name was Adolf Hitler. B. Since the 1995 publication of Daniel Goleman“s bestseller, emotional intelligence has been advocated by leaders, policymakers, and educators as the solution to a w
25、ide range of social problems. If we can teach our children to manage emotions, the argument goes, we“ll have less bullying and more cooperation. If we can cultivate emotional intelligence among leaders and doctors, we“ll have more caring workplaces and more sympathetic healthcare. As a result, emoti
26、onal intelligence is now taught widely in secondary schools, business schools, and medical schools. C. Emotional intelligence is important, but the unbridled (无拘束的) enthusiasm has obscured a dark side. New evidence shows that when people practice their emotional skills, they become better at manipul
27、ating others. When you“re good at controlling your own emotions, you can disguise your true feelings. When you know what others are feeling, you can tug (拨动) at their heartstrings and motivate them to act against their own best interests. Social scientists have begun to document this dark side of em
28、otional intelligence. In the emerging research led by University of Cambridge professor Jochen Menges, when a leader gave an inspiring speech filled with emotion, the audience was less likely to examine the message carefully and remembered less of the content. Ironically, audience members were so mo
29、ved by the speech that they claimed to recall more of it. D. Leaders who master emotions can rob us of our capacities to reason. If their values are out of step with our own, the results can be very serious. New evidence suggests that when people have self-serving motives, emotional intelligence bec
30、omes a weapon for manipulating others. In a study led by the University of Toronto psychologist Stphane （分数：25.00）(1).The concept of emotional intelligence was introduced more than 20 years ago by Peter Salovey and John Mayer.（分数：2.50）(2).In most cases, emotional skills are used to help accomplish g
31、oals instead of reaching immoral ends.（分数：2.50）(3).Stphane （分数：2.50）(4).For a call-center representative, the skill to read and regulate emotions is quite important to demonstrate better job performance.（分数：2.50）(5).Leaders, policymakers and educators think lots of social problems can be solved by e
32、motional intelligence.（分数：2.50）(6).One mission of Martin Kilduff“s research team is to figure out the dark side of emotional intelligence.（分数：2.50）(7).According to Jochen Menges“ research, audiences pay less attention to the content of the speech when the speech is full of emotion.（分数：2.50）(8).High
33、emotional intelligence is harmful to people who have jobs with fewer emotional demands.（分数：2.50）(9).As a result of more rigorous research methods, people tend to have a better understanding over emotional intelligence“s influence.（分数：2.50）(10).New evidence shows that emotional intelligence can be us
34、ed as a weapon to manipulate other people.（分数：2.50）My Nose Made Me Buy It: How Merchants Use Smell to Get You to SpendA. Has this happened to you? You set out for the mall with your list of holiday gifts. You walk into a store and you“re hit with the smell of cinnamon(肉桂), you hear Christmas carols
35、(颂歌) playingand suddenly you purchase five sweaters, six scarves and the three-for-one sock that you had no intention of buying in the first place. Don“t blame yourself. Blame your nose. B. Holiday buying is a very carefully planned process. Merchants know what subconscious (潜意识的) factors get custom
36、ers more interested in their products. For instance, research shows that people are more often physically drawn to warm-colored displays featuring yellows and reds, but overall, they rate cooler colors like blues and greens more favorably. This means that warm colors are better for the spontaneous p
37、urchases and getting the customer to come into the store, whereas cool colors attract the customer with a plan, who knows what they want but will take the time to look through the options. C. Such sensory branding is becoming a bigger part of stores“ consumer marketing. Merchants often rely on music
38、 and colors to create a mood, but now they“re targeting the other sense, smell, to get customers to make a more sophisticated connection to the brand through their shopping experience they even have a name for it: olfactive branding (嗅觉品牌推广). D. The sense of smell is still less understood than the o
39、ther senses, but studies show it plays a role in how we perceive our surroundings. For instance, the olfactory bulb (嗅球) that“s responsible for processing smells, is part of the brain“s limbic system (边缘系统), which is related to memories and emotions. That“s why smell has the power to excite emotiona
40、l memories (and why the scent of someone“s perfume can bring up memories of that person). And good memories may make you more likely to purchase items that remind you of those happy emotions. E. “When we think about any experience, whether it“s personal or commercial, our sense of smell so profoundl
41、y plays into how we perceive and make judgments on the experience,“ says Ed Burke, director of training and communications for ScentAir, a company that develops scents for specific merchants and hospitality brands from Hugo Boss to Marriott Hotels. F. ScentAir meets with its clients to develop a sce
42、nt that“s in line with what the brand“s customers and with what the company is trying to accomplish. Then, ScentAir“s team of designers and scientists tailor a scent to meet the business“ goals in a process similar to the way a store sets up its visual floor plan. According to Burke, often the clien
43、t and ScentAir imagine a specific customer, and what the store wants from that customerwhich is usually repeat visits. “We can boil it down to the customer the brand is hoping to connect to. We look at who is buying on a regular basis, what music they like, how often they buy technology, etc. Then w
44、e start to get creative,“ says Burke. G. For instance, one store may want a fresh air scent, and another may want the store to smell like fresh cotton. If ScentAir is working with a department store, it can get even more complicated. Specific scents can be customized for specific departments, such a
45、s a baby powder smell for the child“s section or a coconut (椰树) scent in swimwear. It“s hard not to feel compelled to pick up a bikini while you“re enjoying yourself in the smell of coconuts and thinking about your favorite beach. H. Take the luxury fashion brand, Hugo Boss, which chose its scent fr
46、om ScentAir about five years ago after testing three different smells in their storeroom. One significantly stood outa musky (麝香的) smell with a little bit of citrus (柑橘类植物)and about 3.5 years ago, the scent was put in every single store. “We really wanted to have a signature scent in our stores. We
47、wanted it to feel like coming home,“ says Ward Simmons, head of brand and communications for Hugo Boss. “When you walk into our store you can see the layout, you can touch and feel the clothes, you can hear the music. The one thing that was missing was the smell. It was the last ingredient to make p
48、eople feel at home and welcome in the store.“ Most of the sales at Hugo Boss are from male customers, but women still shop at the store, and executives didn“t want to exclude them. “We wanted people to come in and feel like it was a men“s club, but we didn“t want women to feel intimidated. Women act
49、ually react better to it than men because they take the time to notice it,“ says Simmons. “It“s the same scent everywhere, so you can walk in and think, “oh, I am in a Hugo Boss store.“ I. During the holidays, ScentAir receives many requests for seasonal smells. In 2014, the company is creating a specific holiday signature scent for Old Navy in about 100 of their stores. “It“s a memory-filled time of year, and there are many cues we can pull from in the smell world,“ says Burke. Common scents used to create a seasonal smell use notes of cinnamon, nutmeg (肉豆蔻), clove (丁香), ev
