1、大学英语四级-195 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：5，分数：100.00)You never see them, but they“re with you every time you fly. They record where you“re going, how fast you“re traveling and whether everything on your airplane is functioning normally. Their ability to withstand almost any d
2、isaster makes them seem like something out of a comic book. They“re known as the black box. When planes fall from the sky, as a Yemeni airliner did on its way to the Comoros Islands in the Indian Ocean June 30, 2009, the black box is the best bet for identifying what went wrong. So when a French sub
3、marine (潜水艇) detected the device“s homing signal five days later, the discovery marked a huge step toward determining the cause of a tragedy in which 152 passengers were killed. In 1958, Australian scientist David Warren developed a flight-memory recorder that would track basic information like alti
4、tude and direction. That was the first model for a black box, which became a requirement on all U.S. commercial flights by 1960. Early models often failed to withstand crashes, however, so in 1965 the device was completely redesigned and moved to the rear of the planethe area least subject to impact
5、from its original position in the landing wells (起落架舱). That same year, the Federal Aviation Authority required that the boxes, which were never actually black, be painted orange or yellow to aid visibility. Modern airplanes have two black boxes: a voice recorder, which tracks pilots“ conversations,
6、 and a flight-data recorder, which monitors fuel levels, engine noises and other operating functions that help investigators reconstruct the aircraft“s final moments. Placed in an insulated (隔绝的) case and surrounded by quarter-inch-thick panels of stainless steel, the boxes can withstand massive for
7、ce and temperatures up to 2,000. When submerged, they“re also able to emit signals from depths of 20,000 ft. Experts believe the boxes from Air France Flight 447, which crashed near Brazil on June 1, 2009, are in water nearly that deep, but statistics say they“re still likely to turn up. In the appr
8、oximately 20 deep-sea crashes over the past 30 years, only one plane“s black boxes were never recovered.（分数：20.00）(1).What does the author say about the black box?（分数：4.00）A.It ensures the normal functioning of an airplane.B.The idea for its design comes from a comic book.C.Its ability to ward off d
9、isasters is incredible.D.It is an indispensable device on an airplane.(2).What information could be found from the black box on the Yemeni airliner?（分数：4.00）A.Data for analyzing the cause of the crash.B.The total number of passengers on board.C.The scene of the crash and extent of the damage.D.Homin
10、g signals sent by pilot before the crash.(3).Why was the black box redesigned in 1965?（分数：4.00）A.New materials became available by that time.B.Too much space was needed for its installation.C.The early models often got damaged in the crash.D.The early models didn“t provide the needed data.(4).Why di
11、d the Federal Aviation Authority require the black boxes be painted orange or yellow?（分数：4.00）A.To distinguish them from the color of the plane.B.To caution people to handle them with care.C.To make them easily identifiable.D.To conform to international standards.(5).What do we know about the black
12、boxes from Air France Flight 447?（分数：4.00）A.There is still a good chance of their being recovered.B.There is an urgent need for them to be restructured.C.They have stopped sending homing signals.D.They were destroyed somewhere near Brazil.The $11 billion self-help industry is built on the idea that
13、you should turn negative thoughts like “I never do anything right“ into positive ones like “I can succeed.“ But was positive thinking advocate Norman Vincent Peale right? Is there power in positive thinking? Researchers in Canada just published a study in the journal Psychological Science that says
14、trying to get people to think more positively can actually have the opposite effect: it can simply highlight how unhappy they are. The study“s authors, Joanne Wood and John Lee of the University of Waterloo and Elaine Perunovic of the University of New Brunswick, begin by citing older research showi
15、ng that when people get feedback which they believe is overly positive, they actually feel worse, not better. If you tell your dim friend that he has the potential of an Einstein, you“re just underlining his faults. In one 1990s experiment, a team including psychologist Joel Cooper of Princeton aske
16、d participants to write essays opposing funding for the disabled. When the essayists were later praised for their sympathy, they felt even worse about what they had written. In this experiment, Wood Lee and Perunovic measured 68 students“ self-esteem. The participants were then asked to write down t
17、heir thoughts and feelings for four minutes. Every 15 seconds, one group of students heard a bell. When it rang, they were supposed to tell themselves, “I am lovable.“ Those with low self-esteem didn“t feel better after the forced self-affirmation. In fact, their moods turned significantly darker th
18、an those of members of the control group, who weren“t urged to think positive thoughts. The paper provides support for newer forms of psychotherapy (心理治疗) that urge people to accept their negative thoughts and feelings rather than fight them. In the fighting, we not only often fail but can make thin
19、gs worse. Meditation (静思) techniques, in contrast, can teach people to put their shortcomings into a larger, more realistic perspective. Call it the power of negative thinking.（分数：20.00）(1).What do we learn from the first paragraph about the self-help industry?（分数：4.00）A.It is a highly profitable in
20、dustry.B.It is based on the concept of positive thinking.C.It was established by Norman Vincent Peale.D.It has yielded positive results.(2).What is the finding of the Canadian researchers?（分数：4.00）A.Encouraging positive thinking may do more harm than good.B.There can be no simple therapy for psychol
21、ogical problems.C.Unhappy people cannot think positively.D.The power of positive thinking is limited.(3).What does the author mean by “.you“re just underlining his faults“ (Line 5, Para. 3)?（分数：4.00）A.You are not taking his mistakes seriously enough.B.You are pointing out the errors he has committed
22、.C.You are emphasizing the fact that he is not intelligent.D.You are trying to make him feel better about his faults.(4).What do we learn from the experiment of Wood, Lee and Perunovic?（分数：4.00）A.It is important for people to continually boost their self-esteem.B.Self-affirmation can bring a positiv
23、e change to one“s mind.C.Forcing a person to think positive thoughts may lower their self-esteem.D.People with low self-esteem seldom write down their true feelings.(5).What do we learn from the last paragraph?（分数：4.00）A.The effects of positive thinking vary from person to person.B.Meditation may pr
24、ove to be a good form of psychotherapy.C.Different people tend to have different ways of thinking.D.People can avoid making mistakes through meditation.It is pretty much a one-way street. While it may be common for university researchers to try their luck in the commercial world, there is very littl
25、e traffic in the opposite direction. Pay has always been the biggest deterrent, as people with families often feel they cannot afford the drop in salary when moving to a university job. For some industrial scientists, however, the attractions of academia (学术界) out-weigh any financial considerations.
26、 Helen Lee took a 70% cut in salary when she moved from a senior post in Abbott Laboratories to a medical department at the University of Cambridge. Her main reason for returning to academia mid-career was to take advantage of the greater freedom to choose research questions. Some areas of inquiry h
27、ave few prospects of a commercial return, and Lee“s is one of them. The impact of a salary cut is probably less severe for a scientist in the early stages of a career. Guy Grant, now a research associate at the Unilever Centre for Molecular Informatics at the University of Cambridge, spent two years
28、 working for a pharmaceutical (制药的) company before returning to university as a post-doctoral researcher. He took a 30% salary cut but felt it worthwhile for the greater intellectual opportunities. Higher up the ladder, where a pay cut is usually more significant, the demand for scientists with a we
29、alth of experience in industry is forcing universities to make the transition (转换) to academia more attractive, according to Lee. Industrial scientists tend to receive training that academics do not, such as how to build a multidisciplinary team, manage budgets and negotiate contracts. They are also
30、 well placed to bring something extra to the teaching side of an academic role that will help students get a job when they graduate, says Lee, perhaps experience in manufacturing practice or product development, “Only a small number of undergraduates will continue in an academic career. So someone l
31、eaving university who already has the skills needed to work in an industrial lab has tar more potential in the job market than someone who has spent all their time on a narrow research project.“（分数：20.00）(1).By “a one-way street“ (Line 1, Para. 1), the author means _.（分数：4.00）A.university researcher
32、s know little about the commercial worldB.few industrial scientists would quit to work in a universityC.few university professors are willing to do industrial researchD.there is little exchange between industry and academia(2).The word “deterrent“ (Line 3, Para. 1) most probably refers to something
33、that _.（分数：4.00）A.brings someone a financial burdenB.helps to move the trafficC.keeps someone from taking actionD.attracts people“s attention(3).What was Helen Lee“s major consideration when she changed her job in the middle of her career?（分数：4.00）A.Her research interests.B.Flexible work hours.C.Pro
34、spects of academic accomplishments.D.Her preference for the lifestyle on campus.(4).Guy Grant chose to work as a researcher at Cambridge in order to _.（分数：4.00）A.do financially more rewarding workB.raise his status in the academic worldC.exploit better intellectual opportunitiesD.enrich his experien
35、ce in medical research(5).What contribution can industrial scientists make when they come to teach in a university?（分数：4.00）A.Increase its graduates“ competitiveness in the job market.B.Help it to obtain financial support from industry.C.Gear its research towards practical applications.D.Develop its
36、 students“ potential in research.Being sociable looks like a good way to add years to your life. Relationships with family, friends, neighbors, even pets, will all do the trick, but the biggest longevity (长寿) boost seems to come from marriage or an equivalent relationship. The effect was first noted
37、 in 1858 by William Farr, who wrote that widows and widowers (鳏夫) were at a much higher risk of dying than their married peers. Studies since then suggest that marriage could add as much as seven years to a man“s life and two to a woman“s. The effect holds for all causes of death, whether illness, a
38、ccident or self-harm. Even if the odds are stacked against you, marriage can more than compensate. Linda Waite of the University of Chicago has found that a married older man with heart disease can expect to live nearly four years longer than an unmarried man with a healthy heart. Likewise, a marrie
39、d man who smokes more than a pack a day is likely to live as long as a divorced man who doesn“t smoke. There“s a flip side, however, as partners are more likely to become ill or die in the couple of years following their spouse“s death, and caring for a spouse with mental disorder can leave you with
40、 some of the same severe problems. Even so, the odds favor marriage. In a 30-year study of more than 10,000 people, Nicholas Christakis of Harvard Medical School describes how all kinds of social networks have similar effects. So how does it work,9 The effects are complex, affected by socio-economic
41、 factors, health, service provision, emotional support and other more physiological (生理的) mechanisms. For example, social contact can boost development of the brain and immune system, leading to better health and less chance of depression later in life. People in supportive relationships may handle
42、stress better. Then there are the psychological benefits of a supportive partner. A life partner, children and good friends are all recommended if you aim to live to 100. The ultimate social network is still being mapped out, but as Christakis says: “People are interconnected, so their health is int
43、erconnected.“（分数：20.00）(1).William Farr“s study and other studies show that _.（分数：4.00）A.social life provides an effective cure for illnessB.marriage contributes a great deal to longevityC.women benefit more than men from marriageD.being sociable helps improve one“s quality of life(2).Linda Waite“s
44、studies support the idea that _.（分数：4.00）A.the married are happier than the unmarriedB.older men should quit smoking to stay healthyC.marriage can help make up for ill healthD.unmarried people are likely to suffer in later life(3).It can be inferred from the context that the “flip side“ (Line 5, Par
45、a. 2) refers to _.（分数：4.00）A.the consequence of a broken marriageB.the emotional problems arising from marriageC.the responsibility of taking care of one“s familyD.the disadvantages of being married(4).What does the author say about social networks?（分数：4.00）A.They help develop people“s community spi
46、rit.B.They provide timely support for those in need.C.They help relieve people of their life“s burdens.D.They have effects similar to those of a marriage.(5).What can be inferred from the last paragraph?（分数：4.00）A.To stay healthy, one should have a proper social network.B.Getting a divorce means ris
47、king a reduced life span.C.We should share our social networks with each other.D.It“s important that we develop a social network when young.A recent global survey of 2,000 high-net-worth individuals found that 60% were not planning on a traditional retirement. Among US participants. 75% expected to
48、continue working in some capacity even after stepping away from full time jobs. “Many of these people made their wealth by doing something they“re passionate (有激情的) about,“ says Daniel Egan, head of behavioral finance for Barclays Wealth Americas. “Given the choice, they prefer to continue working.“
49、 Barclays calls these people “nevertirees“. Unlike many Americans compelled into early retirement by company restrictions, the average nevertiree often has no one forcing his hand. K 106-year-old investor Irving Kahn, head of his own family firm, wants to keep coming to work every day, who“s going to stop him? Seventy-eight-year-old Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg“s job security is guaranteed in the Constitution. It may seem that these elderly people are trying to cheat death. In fact, they are. And it“s working. Howard Friedman, a professor at UC Riv
