1、大学英语四级-194 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：5，分数：100.00)Our risk of cancer rises dramatically as we age. So it makes sense that the elderly should be routinely screened for new tumorsor doesn“t it? While such vigilant (警觉的) tracking of cancer is a good thing in general, research
2、ers are increasingly questioning whether all of this testing is necessary for the elderly. With the percentage of people over age 65 expected to nearly double by 2050, it“s important to weigh the health benefits of screening against the risks and costs of routine testing. In many cases, screening ca
3、n lead to surgeries to remove cancer, while the cancers themselves may be slow-growing and may not pose serious health problems in patients“ remaining years. But the message that everyone must screen for cancer has become so deep-rooted that when health care experts recommended that women under 50 a
4、nd over 74 stop screening for breast cancer, it caused a riotous reaction among doctors, patients and advocacy groups. It“s hard to uproot deeply held beliefs about cancer screening with scientific data. Certainly, there are people over age 75 who have had cancers detected by routine screening, and
5、gained several extra years of life because of treatment. And clearly, people over age 75 who have other risk factors for cancer, such as a family history or prior personal experience with the disease, should continue to get screened regularly. But for the remainder, the risk of cancer, while increas
6、ed at the end of life, must be balanced with other factors like remaining life expectancy (预期寿命). A recent study suggests that doctors start to make more objective decisions about who will truly benefit from screeningespecially considering the explosion of the elderly that will soon swell our popula
7、tion. It“s not an easy calculation to make, but one that makes sense for all patients. Dr. Otis Brawley said. “Many doctors are ordering screening tests purely to cover themselves. We need to think about the rational use of health care.“ That means making some difficult decisions with elderly patien
8、ts, and going against the misguided belief that when it comes to health care, more is always better.（分数：20.00）(1).Why do doctors recommend routine cancer screening for elderly people?（分数：4.00）A.It is believed to contribute to long lifeB.It is part of their health care package.C.The elderly are more
9、sensitive about their health.D.The elderly are in greater danger of tumor growth.(2).How do some researchers now look at routine cancer screening for the elderly?（分数：4.00）A.It adds too much to their medical bills.B.It helps increase their life expectancy.C.They are doubtful about its necessity.D.The
10、y think it does more harm than good.(3).What is the conventional view about women screening for breast cancer?（分数：4.00）A.It applies to women over 50.B.It is a must for adult women.C.It is optional for young women.D.It doesn“t apply to women over 74.(4).Why do many doctors prescribe routine screening
11、 for cancer?（分数：4.00）A.They want to protect themselves against medical disputes.B.They want to take advantage of the medical care system.C.They want data for medical research.D.They want their patients to suffer less.(5).What does the author say is the general view about health care?（分数：4.00）A.The m
12、ore, the better.B.Prevention is better than cure.C.Better early than late.D.Better care, longer life.In times of economic crisis, Americans turn to their families for support. If the Great Depression is any guide, we may see a drop in our skyhigh divorce rate. But this won“t necessarily represent an
13、 increase in happy marriages. In the long run, the Depression weakened American families, and the current crisis will probably do the same. We tend to think of the Depression as a time when families pulled together to survive huge job losses. By 1932, when nearly one-quarter of the workforce was une
14、mployed, the divorce rate had declined by around 25% from 1929. But this doesn“t mean people were suddenly happier with their marriages. Rather, with incomes decreasing and insecure jobs, unhappy couples often couldn“t afford to divorce. They feared neither spouse could manage alone. Today, given th
15、e job losses of the past year, fewer unhappy couples will risk starting separate households. Furthermore, the housing market meltdown will make it more difficult for them to finance their separations by selling their homes. After financial disasters family members also tend to do whatever they can t
16、o help each other and their communities. A 1940 book, The Unemployed Man and His Family , described a family in which the husband initially reacted to losing his job “with tireless search for work.“ He was always active, looking for odd jobs to do. The problem is that such an impulse is hard to sust
17、ain. Across the country, many similar families were unable to maintain the initial boost in morale (士气). For some, the hardships of life without steady work eventually overwhelmed their attempts to keep their families together. The divorce rate rose again during the rest of the decade as the recover
18、y took hold. Millions of American families may now be in the initial stage of their responses to the current crisis, working together and supporting one another through the early months of unemployment. Today“s economic crisis could well generate a similar number of couples whose relationships have
19、been irreparably (无法弥补地) ruined. So it“s only when the economy is healthy again that we“ll begin to see just how many broken families have been created.（分数：20.00）(1).In the initial stage, the current economic crisis is likely to _.（分数：4.00）A.tear many troubled families apartB.contribute to enduring
20、family tiesC.bring about a drop in the divorce rateD.cause a lot of conflicts in the family(2).In the Great Depression many unhappy couples chose to stick together because _.（分数：4.00）A.starting a new family would be hardB.they expected things would turn betterC.they wanted to better protect their ki
21、dsD.living separately would be too costly(3).In addition to job losses, what stands in the way of unhappy couples getting a divorce?（分数：4.00）A.Mounting family debts.B.A sense of insecurity.C.Difficulty in getting a loan.D.Falling housing prices.(4).What will the current economic crisis eventually do
22、 to some married couples?（分数：4.00）A.It will force them to pull their efforts together.B.It will undermine their mutual understanding.C.It will help strengthen their emotional bonds.D.It will irreparably damage their relationship.(5).What can be inferred from the last paragraph?（分数：4.00）A.The economi
23、c recovery will see a higher divorce rate.B.Few couples can stand the test of economic hardships.C.A stable family is the best protection against poverty.D.Money is the foundation of many a happy marriage.People are being lured (引诱) onto Facebook with the promise of a fun, free service without reali
24、zing they“re paying for it by giving up loads of personal information. Facebook then attempts to make money by selling their data to advertisers that want to send targeted messages. Most Facebook users don“t realize this is happening. Even if they know what the company is up to, they still have no i
25、dea what they“re paying for Facebook, because people don“t really know what their personal data is worth. The biggest problem, however, is that the company keeps changing the rules. Early on, you could keep everything private. That was the great thing about Facebookyou could create your own little p
26、rivate network. Last year, the company changed its privacy rules so that many thingsyour city, your photo, your friends“ nameswere set, by default (默认), to be shared with every one on the Internet. According to Facebook“s vice-president Elliot Schrage, the company is simply making changes to improve
27、 its service, and if people don“t share information, they have a “less satisfying experience“. Some critics think this is more about Facebook looking to make more money. Its original business model, which involved selling ads and putting them at the side of the pages, totally failed. Who wants to lo
28、ok at ads when they“re online connecting with their friends? The privacy issue has already landed Facebook in hot water in Washington. In April, Senator Charles Schumer called on Facebook to change its privacy policy. He also urged the Federal Trade Commission to set guidelines for social-networking
29、 sites. “I think the senator rightly communicated that we had not been clear about what the new products were and how people could choose to use them or not to use them,“ Schrage admits. I suspect that whatever Facebook has done so far to invade our privacy, it“s only the beginning. Which is why I“m
30、 considering deactivating (撤销) my account. Facebook is a handy site, but I“m upset by the idea that my information is in the hands of people I don“t trust. That“s too high a price to pay.（分数：20.00）(1).What do we learn about Facebook from the first paragraph?（分数：4.00）A.It is a website that sends mess
31、ages to targeted users.B.It makes money by putting on advertisements.C.It profits by selling its users“ personal data.D.It provides loads of information to its users.(2).What does the author say about most Facebook users?（分数：4.00）A.They are reluctant to give up their personal information.B.They don“
32、t know their personal data enriches Facebook.C.They don“t identify themselves when using the website.D.They care very little about their personal information.(3).Why does Facebook make changes to its rules according to Elliot Schrage?（分数：4.00）A.To render better service to its users.B.To conform to t
33、he Federal guidelines.C.To improve its users“ connectivity.D.To expand its scope of business.(4).What does Senator Charles Schumer advocate?（分数：4.00）A.Setting guidelines for advertising on websites.B.Banning the sharing of users“ personal information.C.Formulating regulations for social-networking s
34、ites.D.Removing ads from all social-networking sites.(5).Why does the author plan to cancel his Facebook account?（分数：4.00）A.He is dissatisfied with its current service.B.He finds many of its users untrustworthy.C.He doesn“t want his personal data abused.D.He is upset by its frequent rule changes.Sev
35、eral recent studies have found that being randomly (随机地) assigned to a roommate of another race can lead to increased tolerance but also to a greater likelihood (可能性) of conflict. Recent reports found that lodging with a student of a different race may decrease prejudice and compel students to engag
36、e in more ethnically diverse friend-ships. An Ohio State University study also found that black students living with a white roommate saw higher academic success throughout their college careers. Researchers believe this may be caused by social pressure. In a New York Times article, Sam Boakyethe on
37、ly black student on his freshman year floorsaid that “if you“re surrounded by whites, you have something to prove.“ Researchers also observed problems resulting from pairing interracial students in residences. According to two recent studies, randomly assigned roommates of different races are more l
38、ikely to experience conflicts so strained that one roommate will move out. An Indiana University study found that interracial roommates were three times as likely as two white roommates to no longer live together by the end of the semester. Grace Kao, a professor at Penn said she was not surprised b
39、y the findings. “This may be the first time that some of these students have interacted, and lived, with someone of a different race,“ she said. At Penn, students are not asked to indicate race when applying for housing. “One of the great things about freshman housing is that, with some exceptions,
40、the process throws you together randomly,“ said Undergraduate Assembly chairman Alec Webley. “This is the definition of integration.“ “I“ve experienced roommate conflicts between interracial students that have both broken down stereotypes and reinforced stereotypes,“ said one Penn resident advisor (
41、RA). The RA of two years added that while some conflicts “provided more multicultural acceptance and melding (融合),“ there were also “jarring cultural confrontations.“ The RA said that these conflicts have also occurred among roommates of the same race. Kao said she cautions against forming any gener
42、alizations based on any one of the studies, noting that more background characteristics of the students need to be studied and explained.（分数：20.00）(1).What can we learn from some recent studies?（分数：4.00）A.Conflicts between students of different races are unavoidable.B.Students of different races are
43、 prejudiced against each other.C.Interracial lodging does more harm than good.D.Interracial lodging may have diverse outcomes.(2).What does Sam Boakye“s remark mean?（分数：4.00）A.White students tend to look down upon their black peers.B.Black students can compete with their white peers academically.C.B
44、lack students feel somewhat embarrassed among white peers during the freshman year.D.Being surrounded by white peers motivates a black student to work harder to succeed.(3).What does the Indiana University study show?（分数：4.00）A.Interracial roommates are more likely to fall out.B.Few white students l
45、ike sharing a room with a black peer.C.Roommates of different races just don“t get along.D.Assigning students“ lodging randomly is not a good policy.(4).What does Alec Webley consider to be the “definition of integration“?（分数：4.00）A.Students of different races are required to share a room.B.Interrac
46、ial lodging is arranged by the school for freshmen.C.Lodging is assigned to students of different races without exception.D.The school randomly assigns roommates without regard to race.(5).What does Grace Kao say about interracial lodging?（分数：4.00）A.It is unscientific to make generalizations about i
47、t without further study.B.Schools should be cautious when making decisions about student lodging.C.Students“ racial background should be considered before lodging is assigned.D.Experienced resident advisors should be assigned to handle the problems.Global warming is causing more than 300,000 deaths
48、and about $125 billion in economic losses each year, according to a report by the Global Humanitarian Forum, an organization led by Kofi Annan, the former United Nations secretary general. The report, to be released Friday, analyzed data and existing studies of health, disaster, population and econo
49、mic trends. It found that human-influenced climate change was raising the global death rates from illnesses including malnutrition (营养不良) and heat-related health problems. But even before its release, the report drew criticism from some experts on climate and risk, who questioned its methods and conclusions. Along with the deaths, the report said that the lives of 325 million people, primarily in poor countries, were being seriously affected by climate change. It projected that the number would double by 2030. Roger Pielke Jr., a political scientist at the University of Colora
