1、大学英语四级-138 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Section A(总题数：1，分数：30.00)When you have to meet someone from a different culture, be prepared. If you understand cultural differences, you“ll be a better 1 even before you open your mouth! In many Western cultures, men stand
2、 up before they are introduced to someone 2 . Standing up shows politeness and respect. After that, someone will usually offer to shake hands. But in the East, 3 introductions often begin and end with bowing rather than shaking hands. Now, let“s look at the simple introduction of shaking hands. Amer
3、icans like a 4 handshake. But the French 5 a light, short handshake. If you shake a Frenchman“s hand the American way, he may think you“re 6 . People in Eastern European countries and some Latino cultures prefer shorter handshakes, too. Hugging after shaking hands is also a common introduction. Don“
4、t be scared or 7 if you meet someone in Brazil and he gives you a hug. If you 8 this gesture, your friendship may not start well! The proper customs for eye contact vary between cultures, too. Westerners appreciate regular eye contact during conversations. Refusing to look a Westerner in the eye may
5、 be understood as lack of trust, or maybe 9 . But in some African countries, too much eye contact can offend or sometimes have romantic meanings. Some people in Middle Eastern countries may appear to have their eyes half-closed while talking to you. Although it might seem like they“re tired or bored
6、, such behavior is normal and should not be taken 10 . A. therapy B. uncultured C. boredom D. thereby E. prefer F. firm G. misinterpret H. personally I. insignificant J. communicator K. important L. illustrate M. offended N. typical O. image（分数：30.00）三、Section B(总题数：1，分数：30.00)Seven Ways to Create a
7、 Happy HouseholdA Every family is different, with different personalities, customs, and ways of thinking, talking, and connecting to one another. There is no one “right“ kind of family. But whether parents are strict or tolerant, irritable or calm, home has to be a place of love, encouragement, and
8、acceptance of their feelings and individuality for kids to feel emotionally safe and secure. It also has to be a source of don“ts and limits. Most of us want such an atmosphere to prevail in our homes, but with today“s stresses this often seems harder and harder to achieve. From time to time it help
9、s to take stock and think about the changes we could make to improve our home“s emotional climate. Here are a few that will. 1. Watch What You Say B How we talk to our children every day is part of the emotional atmosphere we weave. Besides giving them opportunities to be open about how they feel, w
10、e have to watch what we say and how we say it. We often forget how much kids take parental criticisms to heart and how much these affect their feelings about themselves. Psychologist Martin Seligman found that when parents consistently blame kids in exaggerated ways, children feel overly guilty and
11、ashamed and withdraw emotionally. Look at the difference between “Roger, this room is always a pigsty! You are such a lazy boy!“ and “Roger, your room is a mess today! Before you go out to play, it has to be picked up.“ One way tells Roger he can never do anything right. The other tells him exactly
12、what to do to fix things so he can be back in his mom“s good graces and doesn“t suggest he has a permanent character flaw. For criticism to be constructive for children, we have to cite causes that are specific and temporary. Another constructive way to criticize children is“ to remind them of the i
13、mpact their actions have on us. This promotes understanding rather than resentment. 2. Provide Order and Stability C A predictable dally framework, clear and consistent rules, and an organized house make kidsand parentsmore relaxed and comfortable, and that means everyone has emotional balance. When
14、 conflicts, tensions, or crises occur, the routine is a reassuring and familiar support, a reliable harbor of our lives that won“t change. Think about your mornings. Do your kids go off to school feeling calm and confident? Or are they upset and ill-tempered? What about evenings and bedtime? Do you
15、have angry fights over homework or how much TV children can watch? A calm bedtime routine is one good medicine for the dark fears that surface when kids are alone in bed with the lights turned out. Yet a routine that“s too inflexible doesn“t make room for kids“ individual personalities, preferences,
16、 and characters. 3. Hold Family Meetings D Time together is such a precious time in most households that many families, like the Martins, hold regular family meetings so everyone can air and resolve the week“s worries as well as share the good things that happened. When the Martins gather on Friday
17、night, they also take the opportunity to anticipate what“s scheduled for the week ahead. That way they eliminate (mostly!) those last minute anxieties over whether someone has soccer shoes for the first practice, the books for a report, or a ride to a music lesson. 4. Encourage Loving Feelings E Eve
18、ryday life is full of opportunities to establish loving connections with our kids. Researchers have found that parents who spend time playing, joking with, and sharing their own thoughts and feelings with their kids have children who are more friendly, generous, and loving. After all, giving love fo
19、sters love, and what convinces our kids that we love them more than our willingness to spend time with them. Many parents say that often they feel most in tune emotionally with their kids when they just hang out togethersprawling on the bed to watch TV, walking down the block together to mail a lett
20、er, talking on long car rides when kids know they have a parent“s complete attention. At these times the hurt feelings and the secret fears are finally mentioned. Part of encouraging loving feelings is insisting that kids treat others, including siblings, with kindness, respect, and fairnessat least
21、 some of the time. In one family, kids write on a chart in the kitchen at the end of each day the name of someone who did something nice for them. 5. Create Rituals F Setting aside special times of the day or week to come together as a family gives children a sense of continuitythat certain feelings
22、 stay the same even as the kids change and grow. For many families, like my friend Frances“, that means regularly observing religious rituals. To her family, Sunday morning means going to Mass and having hot chocolate afterwards at the town caf. Others create their own rituals to anchor the week. Mi
23、chael“s family celebrates with a regular Scrabble and pizza party every Friday night; Dawn“s goes to the movies. Holiday rituals give children points in the year to look forward to. 6. Handle Challenges with Compassion G Home life today is not always stable and secure. Even the best marriages have f
24、ights, economic difficulties, and emotional ups-and-downs. Parents divorce, stepfamilies form, and these changes challenge the most loving parents. But troubles are part of the human condition. Loving families don“t ignore themthey try to create a strong emotional climate despite them. In handling p
25、arental conflicts, for example, we can let kids know when everything has been resolved, as Denise and Peter did after a loud dispute in the kitchen during which voices were raised and tears flowed. After making up, they explained to their kids, “Sometimes we disagree and lose our tempers, too. But n
26、ow we“ve worked it out. We“re sorry that you heard our fight.“ 7. Schedule Parent-Only Time H Parents are the ones who create a home“s atmosphere. When we“re upset about how much money we owe, worried about downsizing at the company where we work, or angry at a spouse, that charges the emotional atm
27、osphere in ways kids find threatening. As one friend said plaintively, “Parents need special time, too.“ Taking a tong walk together to talk without our kids may go a long way to relieve worries and regular “parent-only“ dates help us reexperience the love that brought us together in the first place
28、.（分数：30.00）(1).Kids won“t feel scared in bed when lights are turned out, if they keep a calm mind before going to bed.（分数：3.00）(2).When parents are upset, the home“s atmosphere becomes threatening to the kids.（分数：3.00）(3).The best way to convince the kids of parents“ love is to spend more time with
29、them.（分数：3.00）(4).It is harder and harder for us to achieve happy atmospheres in our homes because there is various pressure and strains in modern life.（分数：3.00）(5).Every Sunday morning, the Frances“ family goes to the church.（分数：3.00）(6).A well-organized home with predictable daffy framework, clear
30、 and consistent rules guarantees that the family members can have emotional balance.（分数：3.00）(7).Loving families try to create a strong emotional climate in spite of troubles.（分数：3.00）(8).Kids become guilty and ashamed if they are constantly criticized by exaggerated means.（分数：3.00）(9).It is often i
31、n the some casual time like a long car ride that the kids tell their hurt feeling and secret fears to parents.（分数：3.00）(10).In order to criticize kids constructively, we need to point out that their mistakes are occasional.（分数：3.00）四、Section C(总题数：0，分数：0.00)五、Passage One(总题数：1，分数：20.00)What makes Am
32、ericans spend nearly haft their food dollars on meals away from home? The answers lie in the way Americans live today. During the first few decades of the twentieth century, canned and other convenience foods freed the family cook from hill-time duty at the kitchen range. Then, in the 1940s, work in
33、 the wartime defense plants took more women out of the home than ever before, setting the pattern of the working wife and mother. Today about haft of the country“s married women are employed outside the home. But, unless family members pitch in with food preparation, women are not fully liberated fr
34、om that chore. Instead, many have become, in a sense, prisoners of the completely cooked convenience meals. It is easier to pick up a bucket of fried chicken on the way home from work or take the family out for pizzas or burgers than to start opening cans or heating up frozen dinners after a long, h
35、ard day. Also, the rising divorce rate means that there are more single working parents with children to feed. And many young adults and elderly people, as well as unmarried and divorced mature people, have been alone rather than as part of a family unit and don“t want to bother cooking for one. Fas
36、t food is appealing because it is fast, it doesn“t require any dressing up, it offers a “fun“ break in the daily routine, and the expense of money seems small. It can be eaten in the carsometimes picked up at a drive-in window without even getting outor on the run. Even if it is brought home to eat,
37、 there will never be any dirty dishes to wash because of the handy disposable wrappings. Children, especially, love fast food because it is finger food, no struggling with knives and forks, no annoying instructions from adults about table manners.（分数：20.00）(1).Americans enjoy fast food now mainly be
38、cause _.（分数：4.00）A.women are busy with their workB.there are more single-parent familiesC.it can be eaten in the car or on the runD.it is time-saving and convenient(2).It can be inferred that children _.（分数：4.00）A.want to have more freedom at tableB.never wash dishes after mealC.like using forks and
39、 knives while eatingD.take eating time as a fun break(3).People who live alone prefer not to cook at home on the ground that _.（分数：4.00）A.they are too busy working to think of cookingB.they consider cooking for one person is too troublesomeC.they think eating outside from time to time is enjoyableD.
40、they want to share every meal with the friends(4).According to the passage, a drive-in window is _.（分数：4.00）A.a car window from which you can see the driverB.a window in the restaurant from which you get your takeout in the carC.a place where you can buy unprepared food back home to cookD.an entranc
41、e where you return the used plates after eating(5).The expression “pitch in with“ (Line 2. Para. 2) probably means _.（分数：4.00）A.complainB.enjoyC.helpD.deny六、Passage Two(总题数：1，分数：20.00)Argentina (land of silver) was given its name by 16th-century explorers who believed the country was rich in silver
42、mines. The hopes of the explorers soon vanished when they discovered that the beautiful silver ornaments (装饰品) worn by the Indians came from distant Peru. Though rich in many resources, the so-called land of silver proved relatively poor in minerals of any kind, but its descriptive name has endured.
43、 When people think of Argentina, the image that comes at once to mind is that of the Gaucho on his horse, riding across the treeless Pampa. The ability of the Gaucho to survive in a hostile land and his skill in mastering the horse and using the animal for his own purposes were extraordinary. Notabl
44、e, too, were the Gaucho“s special features of characterindifference to material possessions combined with a natural warmth and friendliness. The skull of a cow often served him as a chair, but his strong instinct for hospitality led him to offer a stranger his hut with all the expansiveness of a gre
45、at gentleman opening his manor (庄园) house. Mounted on his horse, the Gaucho felt himself lord of the world, free to go in any direction he pleased without being subjected to the will of any other person. The Gaucho became characteristic of the Argentine people. If at first his name conveyed the idea
46、 of a tramp (流浪汉) or wild rustic (乡巴佬), it soon came to indicate his positive qualitieshis cleverness, fine horsemanship, bravery, loyalty, and generosity. The phrase “to be a gaucho“ or “to be very gaucho“ soon became phrases of good sense. Today the expression “to make a gauchada“ means that one d
47、oes a favor through friendship, with no thought of personal gain. The influence of the Gaucho and the impact of his way of life on the habits of future generations of Argentines cannot be overlooked. Many Argentine customs and traditions stem from the way of life of the people of the Pampa.（分数：20.00
48、）(1).What can we know about the origin of Argentina from the first paragraph?（分数：4.00）A.The name was given because the land was rich in silver mines.B.The explorers gave the land this name by mistake.C.The explorers were disappointed with the poor resources in Argentina.D.When the land was discovere
49、d, Indians from Peru lived there.(2).A gaucho can be best described as _.（分数：4.00）A.a trampB.a rusticC.a hunterD.a cowboy(3).If you say “You are a real gaucho“ to an Argentine, he will most probably be _.（分数：4.00）A.pleasedB.disappointedC.hurtD.amazed(4).“Pampa“ (Line 2, Para. 2) most closely refers to _.（分数：4.00）A.a cityB.a mountainC.a riverD.a grassland(5).What will the next paragraph most probably talk about?（分数：4.00）A.More details about the gaucho characters.B.Some interesting habits of the Argentines.C.Some customs and traditions originat
