1、大学英语四级（2013 年 12 月考试改革适用）-试卷 222 及答案解析(总分：118.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Writing(总题数：2，分数：4.00)1.Part I Writing（分数：2.00）_2.For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a letter of inquiry following the outline given below. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words. Write your essay o
2、n Answer Sheet 1.假设你是刘梅，准备去美国留学。现向申请学校写信，咨询相关事宜。信件内容如下：1.自我介绍 2.咨询相关事宜，如签证、学费、奖学金和语言考试等 3.表示感谢，并希望早日得到答复（分数：2.00）_二、Listening Comprehens(总题数：12，分数：50.00)3.Part II Listening Comprehension_4.Section A_A.Because the holiday has gone.B.Because a horror attack happened.C.Because few flights fly to Egypt.
3、D.Because wealthy tourists may be caught.A.Tourists from Russia.B.Tourists from Britain.C.Tourists from Arab countries.D.Tourists from Egypt.A.8,500.B.160.C.1,000.D.500.A.To standardize the curriculum.B.To end all tuition fees.C.To set aside room for all students.D.To make the students allowance hig
4、her.A.To reduce the risk of heart attack.B.To help people stop smoking.C.To reduce the sales of traditional tobacco.D.To test the benefit and harm of e-cigarette.A.It is useless.B.it might cause air pollution.C.It is too expensive.D.Its function is unknown.A.1/5 of adults smoke in the UK.B.2/3 of sm
5、okers get breathing diseases.C.10 million of them are reluctant to quit smoking.D.15 million of them have tried e-cigarette.5.Section B_A.She likes to do some extreme sports.B.She gets much pleasure from skiing.C.She was influenced by her parents.D.She can show off her skiing skills.A.They went skii
6、ng.B.They learned how to ski.C.They went hiking.D.They gave lessons on hiking.A.Spend the whole vacation with her.B.Head back home for Christmas.C.Stay in California and learn to ski.D.Try to become a professional skier.A.Ski in California.B.Teach the man to ski.C.Visit her friends in Europe.D.Stay
7、with the mans family.A.She is too busy to spare time.B.She has lost her voice.C.She doesnt have the mans number.D.She doesnt want to talk to the man.A.Cancel the class.B.Teach the class.C.Hand out exam papers.D.Collect students homework.A.He will use a master key to open the door.B.He will get Ashle
8、ys key from the woman.C.He will ask the departments secretary for help.D.He will force the lock with a hammer.A.She teaches in math department.B.She will not recover until Friday.C.She often misses classes for being sick.D.She has a class to teach on Friday.6.Section C_A.The father alone makes the i
9、mportant decision.B.The mother alone makes the important decision.C.Children old enough are allowed to take part.D.Children should be seen but cant air their view.A.Their parents dont like to live with them.B.They need more freedom and space.C.They need to become independent.D.They have to go to uni
10、versities.A.It suits the values of equality.B.It can cause serious problems.C.It does no good.D.It goes too far.A.They have not enough money.B.They have to leave home.C.They feel useless and lonely.D.They have no children or relatives.A.Breaking big rocks into little onesB.Feeding his family.C.Build
11、ing a cathedral.D.Doing construction works.A.Having a point.B.Having flexibility.C.Making sense.D.Being interesting.A.Most of the people want to do meaningful work.B.A majority of workers are doing meaningful work.C.Happy workers can always find a well-paid job.D.Meaningful workers are happy and bet
12、ter workers.A.One can improve listening by watching movies.B.Everybody wants to improve listening nowadays.C.There is a good way to memorize vocabularies.D.One needs to work hard to improve English.A.Watch the film two more times.B.Memorize the scenes and stories.C.Listen to the film instead of watc
13、hing it.D.Repeat what the characters say in the film.A.Choose ones favorite film.B.Memorize all the dialogues.C.Go to a movie theater.D.Practice with a friend.三、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：8，分数：60.00)7.Part III Reading Comprehension_8.Section A_Men are much “smarter“ than women when it comes to shoppin
14、g, according to a survey of 1,000 people which found that 42% of men arm themselves with loyalty cards and vouchers (优惠卷) before they 1 the stores, compared with 38% of women. Actually this is 2 for several reasons. Firstly when men are out shopping, they are 3 always with a female partner. When men
15、 go shopping as part of a couple, nine times out of 10 it is his female partner who 4 the purse-fattening loyalty cards. Secondly, a lot of men 5 to stay in the car, waiting outside the front door. A fat lot of use a loyalty card or discount voucher is to themunless its for money off petrol. Thirdly
16、, women are much more 6 about what they need to feed their family. They will survey the fridge, plan meals, write a list of 7 and pretty much stick to it. Then the survey claims that 46% of us buy own-label goods rather than 8 products. The findings dont specify whether this percentage is mainly 9 o
17、f men or women, but in reality you will find more valuable and own-brand products in a female shoppers cart. However, there was one 10 that made us understand what this survey was all about. It said: “In fact, 84% of men will do everything in their power to be smart about their spending rather than
18、go without treats for themselves or their family.“A) shares E) carries I) branded M) reasonableB) nearly F) unbelievable J) realistic N) hitC) mainly G) statement K) composed O) intendD) prefer H) staples L) arrive（分数：20.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_10.Sec
19、tion B_How Psychology Can Help the Planet Stay CoolA “Im not convinced its as bad as the experts make out. Its everyone elses fault. Even if I turn off my air conditioner, it will make no difference.“ The list of reasons for not acting to combat global warming goes on and on. This month, American Ps
20、ychological Association (APA) released a report highlighting these and other psychological barriers standing in the way of action. But dont despair. The report also points to strategies that could be used to convince us to play our part. Sourced from psychological experiments, we review tricks that
21、could be used by companies or organisations to encourage climate-friendly behaviour. In addition, psychologist Mark van Vugt of the Free University of Amsterdam describes the elements of human nature that push us to act unselfishly.B As advertisers of consumer products well know, different groups of
22、 people may have quite distinct interests and motivations, and messages that seek to change behaviour need to be tailored to take these into account. “You have to target the marketing to a particular sector of the population,“ says Robert Gifford of the University of Victoria, another of the reports
23、 authors. The wealthy young, for instance, tend to be diet conscious, and this could be used to steer them away from foods like cheeseburgersone of the most climate-unfriendly meals around because of the energy it takes to raise cattle. So when trying to convince them to give up that carbon-intensiv
24、e beef pie, better to stress health benefits than the global climate.C Though conservative authorities have been known to attack such efforts, characterising them as mind control, experiments indicate that people are willing to be persuaded. From participants in our experiments, weve never heard a n
25、egative feedback,“ says Wesley Schultz of California State University. In fact, according to John Petersen of Oberlin College, we are used to far worse. “Compared to the overwhelming number of advertising, it seems milder than anything I experience in my daily life,“ he says. D Deep down, most of us
26、 want to fit in with the crowd, and psychologists are exploiting this urge to encourage environmentally friendly behaviour. Researchers led by Wesley Schultz at California State University and Jessica Nolan, now at the University of Scranton, have found that people will cut their electricity usage i
27、f told that their neighbours use less than they do. In one experiment, the researchers left information with households in San Marcos asking them to use fans rather than air conditioners at night, turn off lights and take shorter showers. Some messages simply stressed energy conservation, some talke
28、d about future generations, while others emphasised the financial savings. But it was the flyers (传单) that asked residents to join with their neighbours in saving energy that were most effective in cutting electricity consumption.E In another study, the researchers told households what others in the
29、ir neighbourhood used on average. High users cut their consumption in response, but low users increased theirs. The problem disappeared if the messages were reinforced with sad or smiling faces. The smiles received by the residents who were already saving energy provided sufficient encouragement for
30、 them to keep doing so.F Most people seem to conserve energy if provided with real-time feedback on how much they are using. But feedback can be too immediate. For instance, Janet Swim has a General Motors car that shows her mileage (里程) per gallon each time she accelerates. Its just not very useful
31、, she argues, because its hard to place that momentary piece of feedback in the context of her overall driving behaviour and fuel efficiency. In contrast, the Toyota Prius display shows mileage per gallon over 5-minute intervals for the previous half-hour. With that contextual information, people ca
32、n experiment with different driving styles to see how they affect mileage, and even compete with themselves to improve over time. The 2010 Honda Insight goes one better, flashing up an image of a prize to reward economical driving. The benefits of feedback are not restricted to car gadgets (小装置). St
33、udies show that devices that display domestic energy usage produce savings of between 5 and 12 per cent.G People have to be persuaded to act on climate change even though the benefit wont be felt for decades. Research by David Hardisty and Elke Weber of Columbia University suggests ways to achieve t
34、his. Hardisty and Weber have found that people respond in exactly the same way to decisions involving future environmental gains and losses as they do when making financial decisions. This allows psychologists knowledge of how to control financial decision-making to be brought into play. For instanc
35、e, schemes that give people a cash payment in advance for insulating (使隔热) their home will work better than those promising long-term savings, even if the people receiving cash end up paying a little more in the long run.H And because we are generally more worried about future losses than we are imp
36、ressed by future gains, messages are more effective if framed to warn people that they will lose $500 over 10 years if they dont follow a particular course of action to limit climate change than if they are told theyll be $500 better off if they do take action.I As social animals, we like to interac
37、t with others and take inspiration from their actions. Psychologists are working out how to exploit this to spread behaviours that will help limit climate change. “My sense is that social networks are going to be important,“ says Swim. Allowing people to document successes in saving energy on their
38、Facebook pages could drive change among their Mends, and the Oberlin team is considering integrating this into its urban residence experiment. Tawanna Dillahunt and colleagues at Carnegie Mellon University, think such opportunities presented by Facebook can be combined with our liking for animals. I
39、nspired by the attachment that people can develop towards Tamagotchi virtual pets, the team is testing the compelling power of a “virtual polar bear“ standing on a sheet of floating ice that grows bigger as people adopt environmentally friendly behaviours such as taking shorter showers. Initial resu
40、lts suggest the polar bear has pull.（分数：20.00）(1).Flyers related with neighbours behaviour are a very effective way to convince residents to cut electricity consumption.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_(2).According to Swim, social network will be important to spread behaviours that will help limit climate change.（分
41、数：2.00）填空项 1:_(3).The research by Hardisty and Weber aims at seeking ways to convince people to limit climate change.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_(4).Its better to persuade the wealthy young out of carbon-intensive food by emphasizing health benefits.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_(5).In the experiment by Wesley Schultz, no pa
42、rticipant lodged a complaint.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_(6).When talking people into taking action, its more effective to tell them future losses than future gains.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_(7).Psychologists are making use of humans desire to fit in with the crowd to encourage environmentally friendly behaviour.（分数：2.00
43、）填空项 1:_(8).The report by APA summarises the strategies to encourage climate-friendly behaviour on the basis of psychological experiments.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_(9).According to Tawanna Dillahunt and colleagues, successes in saving energy by Facebook and our liking for animals can be combined.（分数：2.00）填空项
44、1:_(10).The 2010 Honda Insight has a device that encourages drivers to drive economically.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_11.Section C_There is no more fashionable solution to the current global recession than “green jobs.“ Many countries are all eagerly promoting clean-technology industries. It sounds like the ult
45、imate win-win deal: create jobs, cut down on energy dependence, and save the planet from global warming. Ever since the recession began, governments, environmental groups, and even labor unions have been spinning out reports on just how many jobs might be created by these new industriesestimates that range from tens of thousands to millions. Those kinds of predictions, however, may be overoptimistic. As a new study from McKinsey points out, the clean-energy industry doesnt have much in common with old, labor-int
