1、大学英语四级 30 及答案解析(总分：746.59，做题时间：130 分钟)一、Writing (30 minutes)(总题数：1，分数：30.00)1.For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay entitled Cheating on Campus. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in Chinese: 1. 在大学里存在着考试作弊的现象； 2. 你是怎么看待这一现象的； 3. 如何才能制止之种现象。 （
2、分数：30.00）_二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：1，分数：71.00)Whats Happening While Sleeping? Sleep is very important to humans. The average person spends 220,000 hours of a lifetime sleeping. Until about thirty years ago, no one knew much about sleep. Then doctors and scientists began doing research in sleep lab
3、oratories. They have learned a great deal by studying people as they sleep, but there is still much they dont understand. Scientists study the body characteristics that change during sleep, such as body temperature, brain waves, blood pressure, breathing, and heartbeat. They also study rapid eye mov
4、ement (REM). These scientists have learned that there is a kind of sleep with REM and another kind with no rapid eye movement (NREM). NREM is divided into three stages. In stage one, when you start to go to sleep, you have a pleasant floating feeling. A sudden noise can wake you up. In stage two, yo
5、u sleep more deeply, and a noise will probably not wake you. In stage three, which you reach in less than thirty minutes, the brain waves are less active and stretched out. Then, within another half hour, you reach REM sleep. This stage might last an hour and a half and is the time when you dream. F
6、or the rest of the night, REM and NREM alternate. Body movement during sleep occurs just before the REM stage. The average person moves about thirty times during sleep each night. Sleep is a biological need, but your brain never really sleeps. It is never actually blank. The things that were on your
7、 mind during the day are still there at night. They appear as dreams, which people have been discussing for centuries. At times people believed that dreams had magical powers or that they could tell the future. Sometimes dreams are terrifying, but they are usually a collection of scattered, confused
8、 thoughts. If you dream about something that is worrying you, you may wake up exhausted, sweating, and with a rapid heartbeat. Dreams have positive effects on our lives. During a dream, the brain may concentrate on a problem and look for different solutions. Also, people who dream during a good nigh
9、t s sleep are more likely to remember newly learned skills. In other words, you learn better if you dream. Researchers say that normal people may have four or five REM periods of dreaming a night. The first one may begin only a half hour after falling asleep. Each period of dreaming is a little long
10、er, the last one lasting up to an hour. Dreams also become more intense as the night continues. Nightmares usually occur toward dawn. People dream in color, but many dont remember the colors. Certain people can control some of their dreams. They make sure they have a happy ending. Some people get re
11、lief from bad dreams by writing them down and then changing the negative stories or thoughts into positive ones on the written paper. Then they study the paper before they go to sleep again. Many people talk in their sleep, but it is usually just confusing half sentences. They might feel embarrassed
12、 when someone tells them they were talking in their sleep, but they probably didnt tell any secrets. Sleepwalking is most common among children. They usually grow out of it by the time they become adolescents. Children don t remember that they were walking in their sleep, and they don t usually wake
13、 up if the parent leads them back to bed. Some people have the habit of grinding their teeth while they sleep. They wake up with a sore jaw or a headache, and they can also damage their teeth. Researchers don t know why people talk, walk, or grind their teeth while they are asleep. There are lots of
14、 jokes about snoring, but it isn t really funny. People snore because they have trouble breathing while asleep. Some snorers have a condition called sleep apnea (呼吸暂停). They stop breathing up to thirty or forty times an hour because the throat muscles relax too much and block the airway. Then they b
15、reathe in some air and start snoring. This is a dangerous condition because, if the brain is without oxygen for 4 minutes, there will be permanent brain damage. Sleep apnea can also cause irregular heartbeat, a general lack of energy, and high blood pressure. Most people need 7.5 to 8.5 hours of sle
16、ep a night, but this varies with individuals. Babies sleep eighteen hours, and old people need less sleep than younger people. If someone continually sleeps longer than normal for no apparent reason, there must be something physically or psychologically wrong. You cannot save hours of sleep the way
17、you save money in the bank. If you have only 5 hours of sleep for three nights, you don t need to sleep an extra 9 hours on the weekend. And it doesn t do any good to sleep extra hours ahead of time when you know you will have to stay up late. What should you do if you have trouble sleeping? Lots of
18、 people take sleeping pills, but these are dangerous because they are habit-forming. If you take them for several weeks, it is hard to stop taking them. Doctors say the best thing is to try to relax and to avoid bad habits. If you always go to bed and get up at about the same time, this sets a good
19、and healthy rhythm in your life. Caffeine keeps people awake, so don t drink caffeine drinks in the evening. Smoking and alcohol can also keep you awake. You may have trouble sleeping if you have a heavy meal just before you go to bed. Eat earlier in the evening. You may also have trouble steeping i
20、f you have a problem or something else on your mind. This is when you need to relax. As you lie in bed, tense the muscles in your feet and then relax them. Continue up the body, tensing and relaxing the muscles until you reach the head. Start with the feet again if you are still tense. Then remember
21、 some pleasant experience you had and relive it. If you are thinking about a problem or about something exciting that is going to happen the next day, get up and write about it. That will help take it off your mind. You can also get up and read or watch television. Be sure to choose a book or show t
22、hat is not too exciting, or you may get so interested that you won t want to go to sleep even when you feel sleepy. （分数：71.00）(1).This passage is mainly about the dreams and sleeping problems that we may have during sleep. （分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(2).The third stage of NREM is the time when you dream. （分
23、数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(3).One s brain becomes blank when he or she doesnt have a dream. （分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(4).Emotional people tend to have more dreams. （分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(5).Parents are not supposed to lead their sleepwalking children back to bed because that will wake them up. （分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(6).
24、Relaxed throat muscles block the airway of a sleeping person and leads to his/her snoring. （分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(7).When one knows that he or she has to stay up late in the evening, he or she should sleep extra hours ahead of it. （分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(8).Some people can make sure these dreams have _ by
25、controlling some of their dreams. （分数：7.10）_(9).A lack of oxygen for the brain for 4 minutes will cause _. （分数：7.10）_(10).According to doctors, the best solution to sleeping problems is to try to _. （分数：7.10）_三、Listening Comprehens(总题数：1，分数：15.00)A.Plan his budget carefullyB.Give her more informatio
26、n.C.Ask someone else for advice.D.Buy a gift for his girlfriend.A.Shell have some chocolate cake.B.Shell take a look at the menu.C.Shell go without dessert.D.Shell prepare the dinner.A.The man can speak a foreign language.B.The woman hopes to improve her English.C.The woman knows many different lang
27、uages.D.The man wishes to visit many more countries.A.Go to the library.B.Meet the woman.C.See Professor Smith.D.Have a drink in the bar.A.She isnt sure when Professor Bloom will be back.B.The man shouldnt be late for his class.C.The man can come back sometime later.D.She can pass on the message for
28、 the man.A.He has a strange personality.B.Hes got emotional problems.C.His illness is beyond cure.D.His behavior is hard to explain.A.The tickets are more expensive than expected.B.The tickets are sold in advance at half price.C.Its difficult to buy the tickets on the spot.D.Its better to buy the ti
29、ckets beforehand.A.He turned suddenly and ran into a tree.B.He was hit by a fallen box from a truck.C.He drove too fast and crashed into a truck.D.He was trying to overtake the truck ahead of him.四、Section B(总题数：2，分数：10.00)A.They were worn out.B.They were dirty.C.They were of a dull colour.D.They we
30、re out of style.A.They were too casual.B.They were too dressy.C.They were uncomfortable.D.They were not charming enough.A.None.B.One.C.Two.D.Three.A.To go boating on the St. Lawrence River.B.To go sightseeing in Quebec Province.C.To call on a friend in Quebec City.D.To attend a wedding in Montreal.A
31、.Study the map of Quebec Province.B.Find more about Quebec City.C.Brush up on her French.D.Learn more about the local customs.A.Its most beautiful in summer.B.It has many historical buildings.C.It was greatly expanded in the 18th century.D.Its the only French-speaking city in Canada.A.Its amazing th
32、at anyone could move so fast.B.Televisions mark the beginning of modem life.C.Modem life is changing very fast.D.Its hard to remember the past.A.Because change happened so quickly.B.Because people were not interested in it.C.Because people were too busy with their work.D.Because change happened so s
33、lowly.A.She felt like being interested in it.B.She was not happy about it.C.She felt disappointed.D.She was really amazed.A.He ran a village shop.B.He worked on a farm.C.He worked in an advertising agency.D.He was a gardener.A.It was stressful.B.It was colorful.C.It was peaceful.D.It was boring.A.Hi
34、s desire to start his own business.B.The crisis in his family life.C.The decline in his health.D.His dream of living in the countryside.A.Government and taxes.B.Work and taxes.C.Freedom and taxes.D.Death and taxes.A.Two.B.Three.C.Four.D.Five.A.They begin paying federal taxes from that day.B.It is th
35、e last day for people to pay the city tax.C.It is the deadline for paying federal taxes.D.The state tax is due on that day.六、Section C(总题数：1，分数：10.00)You probably have noticed that people express similar ideas in different ways, depending on the situation they are in. This is very (36) 1. All langua
36、ges have two general levels of (37) 2: a formal level and an informal level. English is no (38) 3. The difference in these two levels is the situation in which you use a (39) 4level. Formal language is the kind of language you find in textbooks, (40) 5books, and in business letters. You would also u
37、se formal English in compositions and (41) 6that you write in school. Informal language is used in conversation with (42) 7, family members and friends, and when we write (43) 8notes or letters to close friends. Formal language is different from informal language in several ways. First, formal langu
38、age tends to be more polite. (44) 9. For example, I might say to a friend or family member, “Close the door, please, “(45) 10. Another difference between formal and informal language is some of the vocabulary. (46) 11. Lets say that I really like soccer. If Im talking to my friend I might say “Im ju
39、st crazy about soccer!“ But if I were talking to my boss, I would probably say “I really enjoy soccer.“ （分数：10.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_七、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：2，分数：355.00)The combination of the increased burden of AIDS in the developing worl
40、d and the absence of affordable therapies and vaccines has raised the sensitivity of health professionals to issues of ethics and equity in international biomedical research. Foremost among the concerns is whether new treatments should be compared against Western standards of care or against existin
41、g local standards. Other thorny issues include whether communities can benefit from research they have taken part in when they may not be able to afford the new interventions that prove effective and how researchers and their institutions in developing countries can be strengthened through internati
42、onal collaboration. Strong emotional responses and increased entrenchment have begun to characterize the discussion on how to design and conduct international biomedical research. Those who venture into the discussion on international research have an obligation to begin with fairness as the princip
43、al rule of engagement, concerned that each party will have an equal share in what is brought to the table, and each will leave feeling equally satisfied. In reality, there is the overwhelming power of assertion among some participants and the temptation of expediency urging deference on the part of
44、others. The economic, social, technological, and political situations of disparity that weigh so heavily on this discussion should, however, not be used as reasons to disparage it. Parties affected by proposed health research projects need to become increasingly involved in designing and carrying ou
45、t the research. In support of this, the role of local and national ethics committees in developing countries is becoming increasingly important. Similarly, local re search institutions and scientists are gaining stronger roles in international research projects. There is also broader recognition of
46、the need and value of consulting local communities and involving potential participants in research early on in the process of designing re search protocols. Given the enormous disparity between the parties involved in international research, it may not always be possible to achieve unity or even co
47、nsensus. On the other hand, to allow any one voice (or group of voices) to dominate the conversation would be irresponsible. By fostering fairness and demanding a strong commitment to the highest values, we contribute to the power of health research to more fully address the urgencies of disease and the inequities of healthcare. （分数：177.50）(1).According to the first paragraph, one of the concerns related to international biomedical research is _.（分数：35.50）A.whether the experimented treatments should be compared against local standardsB.whether the experimented tr
