1、大学英语四级 22 及答案解析(总分：746.53，做题时间：130 分钟)一、Writing (30 minutes)(总题数：1，分数：30.00)1. Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a poster recruiting volunteers. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below: 1校学生会将组织一次暑假志愿者活动，现招募志愿者 2本次志愿者活动的目的、活动安排等 3报名条件及联系方式 V
2、olunteers Needed _ _ _ （分数：30.00）_二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：1，分数：71.00)SURVIVING IN SPACE Motion sickness troubles more than two-thirds of all astronauts upon reaching orbit, even veteran test pilots who have never been airsick. Though everyone recovers after a few days in space, body systems conti
3、nue to change. Deprived(丧失) of gravity information, a confused brain creates visual illusions. Body fluids surge to chest and head. The heart enlarges slightly, as do other organs. Sensing too much fluid, the body begins to discharge it, including calcium, electrolytes (解液) and blood plasma (血浆). Th
4、e production of red blood ceils decreases, rendering astronauts slightly anaemic (贫血的). With the loss of fluid, legs shrink. Spinal (脊骨的) discs expand, and so does the astronaut-who may gain five centimeters and suffer backache. Though the .process may sound terrible, astronauts adjust to k, come to
5、 enjoy it and seem no worse for wear-at least for short missions such as space shuttle flights that last a week or two. During longer flights, however, physiology enters an unknown realm. As director of Russias Institute for Biomedical Problems from 1968 to 1988, Oleg Gazenko watched cosmonauts retu
6、rn from long flights unable to stand without fainting, needing to be carried from the spacecraft. “We are creatures of the Earth,” Gazenko told me. “These changes are the price of a ticket to space“. Americans returning from months-long flights on Mir, the Russian space station, also paid the price,
7、 suffering losses in weight, muscle mass and bone density. NASA geared up to see how-even if-humans would survive the most demanding of space ventures, a mission to Mars, which could last up to three years. “We dont even know if a broken bone will heal in space,“ said Daniel Goldin, NASAs administra
8、tor. To get answers in 1997 Goldin established the National Space Biomedical Research Institute (NSBRI), a panel of experts from a dozen leading universities and research institute. NSBRI will study biomedical problems and by 2010 will present NASA with a “go“ or “no go“ recommendation on a Mars mis
9、sion. Jeffrey Sutton, leader of the medical systems team at the NSBRI, has treated the head trauma, wounds, kidney stones and heart rhythm irregularities that one could encounter on the way to Mars. On the spacecraft he envisions, Mars-hound in the year, say, 2018, there may lurk harmful bacteria or
10、 carbon monoxide. No problem. The deadly substances will be detected by smart sensors-microprocessors no bigger than a thumbnail-that wander at will through the spacecraft, communicating their finds to a computer that warns the crew. To cope with infection, Sutton plans a factory to make drugs, even
11、 new ones, to cope with possible organisms on Mars. Miniature optical and ultrasound devices will image body and brain, while a small X-ray machine keeps track of any bone loss. Smart sensors embedded in clothing will monitor an astronauts vital functions. The crew will be able to craft body parts,
12、Sutton says, precisely tooled to an astronauts personal anatomy and genome stored in computer memory. Researchers are building artificial liver, bone and cartilage (软骨) tissue right now. Lying in wait beyond the Earths atmosphere, solar radiation poses additional problems. The sun flings billions of
13、 tons of electrically charged gas into space, relegating Earths volcanic eruptions to mere hiccups. Nevertheless, NASA officials are confident the accurate monitoring will warn astronauts of such events, allowing the crew to take refuge in an area where polyethylene (乙烯) shielding will absorb the ra
14、diation. A second kind of radiation, cosmic rays from the Milky Way or other galaxies, is a more serious threat-possessing too much energy, too much speed for shielding to be effective. “Theres no way you can avoid them,“ says Francis Cxueinotta, manager of NASAs Johnson Space Centre. “They pass thr
15、ough tissue, striking ceils and leaving them unstable, mutilated or dead. Understanding their biological effects is a priority.“ Another major concern is the psychological health of astronauts. And theres a new stressor on a three-year Mars Mission-people, other members of the crew. NASA found that
16、the stresses of isolation and confinement can be brought on rapidly simply by giving people few tasks. Mir astronaut Andrew Thomas described how six astronauts were confined in a 12-foot square room for a week. “If you give them little to do, stress can be achieved in a couple of days, says Thomas.
17、Will NSBRI meet Daniel Goldins 2010 deadline for a decision on Mars? “Yes, we will perhaps even before. Were very confident,“ says Laurence Young, the director of NABRI. Mean while some of NSBRIs research may bear fruit on Earth. The institute has made one discovery that promises to save many people
18、 at risk of sudden cardiac death, usually brought on by a heart rhythm disorder called ventricular fibrillation. This kills 225,000 people in the US each year. Richard Cohen, head of the NSBR1 cardiovascular (心血管的) team, explained that zero gravity may-emphasizing “may“-incite this condition in astr
19、onauts. So the team invented a noninvasive diagnostic device that measures extremely tiny changes in heart rhythm. The team found that the device can be used as part of a standard stress test to identify patients at risk. Then pacemaker-like devices can be implanted to regulate the rhythm disorder.
20、“This technology has the potential to save hundreds of thousands of lives,“ says Cohen. “NASA can be proud.“ Such discoveries are no accident, says Michael E. DeBakey, a cardiovascular surgeon who has saved many hearts himself. “The key word is research. When I was a medical student and a patient ca
21、me to the hospital with a heart attack, things were mostly a matter of chance. Today theres a better than 95 per cent chance of surviving. Now that all comes from research. The unfortunate thing is that there are people, even some scientists, who look at the money that goes to NASA and we could use
22、the money to support our work. Thats very short sighted. The more research thats done in any area of science, the better off everyone is going to be.“ （分数：71.00）(1).Everyone who travels in space suffers from feelings of motion sickness initially. （分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(2).Astronauts are likely to incre
23、ase in height while in space. （分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(3).Its important for astronauts to exercise in order to keep their muscles fit. （分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(4).Scientists have found a way of protecting astronauts from solar radiation. （分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(5).If astronauts are given tasks to do, they quickly
24、 begin to suffer from stress. （分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(6).Scientists aim to develop technology that can recognize psychological states. （分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(7).The passage mainly describes the psychological health risks during the voyage to Mars. （分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(8).In the US each year, sudden cardiac
25、death, caused by a heart-rhythm disturbance called ventricular fibrillation results in the deaths of 1. （分数：7.10）填空项 1:_(9).What was devised by the team led by Richard Cohen to extremely tiny changes in heart rhythm is 1. （分数：7.10）填空项 1:_(10). 1 says research carried out by NASA is ultimately benefi
26、cial for everyone. （分数：7.10）填空项 1:_三、Listening Comprehens(总题数：1，分数：15.00)A.They are both anxious to try Italian food.B.They are likely to have dinner together.C.The man will treat the woman to dinner tonight.D.The woman refused to have dinner with the man.A.Its only for rent, not for sale.B.Its not
27、as good as advertised.C.Its being redecorated.D.Its no longer available.A.Colleagues.B.Husband and wife.C.Employer and employee.D.Mother and son.A.She contacts her parents occasionally.B.She phones her parents regularly at weekends.C.She visits her parents at weekends when the fares are down.D.She o
28、ften calls her parents regardless of the rates.A.The next bus is coming soon.B.The bus will wait a few minutes at the stop.C.There are only two or three passengers waiting for the bus.D.They can catch this bus without running.A.The assignment looks easy but actually its quite difficult.B.The assignm
29、ent is too difficult for them to complete on time.C.They cannot finish the assignment until Thursday.D.They have plenty of time to work on the assignment.A.The man will go to meet the woman this evening.B.The man and the woman have an appointment at 7 oclock.C.The woman cant finish making the jam be
30、fore 7 oclock.D.The woman wont be able to see the man this evening.A.Shes learned a lot from the literature class.B.Shes written some books about world classics.C.Shes met some of the worlds best writers.D.Shes just back from a trip round the world.A.The exam was easier than the previous one.B.Joe i
31、s sure that he will do better in the next exam.C.Joe probably failed in the exam.D.The oral part of the exam was easier than the written part.A.She is tired of driving in heavy traffic.B.She doesnt mind it as the road conditions are good.C.She is unhappy to have to drive such a long way every day.D.
32、She enjoys it because shes good at driving.四、Section B(总题数：2，分数：10.00)A.Registration at a polytechnic.B.The length of his stay in this country to be allowed.C.The way to open a bank account in Britain.D.The course he intends to have next year.A.Six months.B.Ten months.C.One year.D.One year and a hal
33、f.A.Either a passport or a driving license.B.Both a passport and a driving license.C.A credit card.D.A students identity card.A.One of the students friends.B.The students parents.C.Either his employer or his university.D.Both his employer and his university.A.He didnt really enjoy it very much.B.He
34、liked its story, but the music was awful.C.He enjoyed every minute of the movie.D.He was excited with the development of the story.A.The usher.B.The people sitting next.C.The people sitting in front of him.D.The people standing in the back.A.The man was cutting jokes all the time.B.The woman was tal
35、king about her boss.C.The woman was making comments on the performance of the actress.D.The man was telling the woman the entire story of the movie.A.They like music.B.They want to say something.C.They sing for enjoyment.D.They are in a good temper.A.They hide themselves.B.They keep silent.C.They st
36、ay away from other birds.D.They make some signs.A.It uses shells and flowers to make a garden.B.It flies high in the sky.C.It dances and sings.D.It spreads out its tail.A.Taking notes.B.Oiling the gate.C.Singing high notes.D.Overcoming her weakness.A.He was attracted by Mrs Jones.B.He had heard a no
37、ise.C.He had run out of gas.D.His tyres were punctured.A.The tyres.B.Another car passing by.C.The brakes.D.Mrs Joness singing.A.She was fond of singing.B.She lived in a small house.C.She was a shy person.D.She was not conscious of her weakness.A.Yes. Because he is never sick.B.Yes. Because he wakes
38、up feeling good every morningC.No. Because his heart muscle was severely damaged.D.No. Because he suffered a heart attack.A.It is impossible for us to stop heart attacks and many people die for it.B.Advances in medicine help stop many heart attacks and keep people alive.C.Lifestyle changes have incr
39、eased the number of heart attacks.D.We have the technology to cure all the heart attacks.A.The longer people live, the fewer heart attacks people will meet.B.The number of heart attacks is decreasing.C.There is no evidence that heart attacks are decreasing.D.We can fight against different types of h
40、eart disease.六、Section C(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Its (36) 1 possible not to read advertisements these days. And how fun they often are, too! Just think what a railway station or a newspaper would be like (37) 2 advertisements. Would you enjoy gazing at a (38) 3 wall or reading railway (39) 4 while waiting fo
41、r a train? Would you like to read only closely-printed (40) 5 of news in your daily paper? A cheerful, (41) 6 advertisement makes such a (42) 7 to a dull wall or a newspaper full of the daily ration of disasters. We must not forget, either, that advertising makes a positive contribution to our pocke
42、ts. Newspapers, (43) 8 radio and television companies couldnt survive this source or revenue. (44) 9. Just think what a newspaper would cost if we had to pay its full price! Another thing we mustnt forget is the small “ads“ which are in virtually every newspaper and magazine. (45) 10! Just think abo
43、ut something that can be accomplished through these column (46) 11. No other item in a newspaper provides such entertaining reading or offers such a deep insight into human nature. Its the best advertisement for advertising there is! （分数：10.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_
44、填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_七、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：2，分数：355.00)As soon as it was revealed that a reporter for Progressive magazine had discovered how to make a hydrogen bomb, a group of firearm (火器) fans formed the National Hydrogen Bomb Association, and they are now lobbying against any legislation to
45、 stop Americans from owning one. “The Constitution,“ said the associations spokesman,“ gives everyone the right to own arms. It doesnt spell out what kind of arms. But since anyone can now make a hydrogen bomb, the public should be able to buy it to protect themselves.“ “Dont you think its dangerous
46、 to have one in the house, particularly where there are children around?“ “The National Hydrogen Bomb Association hopes to educate people in the safe handling of this type of weapon. We are instructing owners to keep the bomb in a locked cabinet and the fuse (导火索) separately in a drawer.“ “Some peop
47、le consider the hydrogen bomb a very fatal weapon which could kill somebody.“ The spokesman said, “Hydrogen bombs dont kill people - people kill people. The bomb is for self-protection and it also has a deterrent effect. If somebody knows you have a nuclear weapon in your house, theyre going to think twice about breaking in.“ “But those who want to ban the bomb for American citizens claim that if you have one locked in the cabinet, with the fuse in a drawer, you would never be able to assemble it in time to stop an intruder (侵入者).“ “Another
