1、大学英语四级 11 及答案解析(总分：746.58，做题时间：130 分钟)一、Writing (30 minutes)(总题数：1，分数：30.00)1.For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay entitled On Conserving Energy. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in Chinese: 1. 能源短缺问题已非常严重； 2. 可以采取节能措施解决能源短缺问题； 3. 你的看法。 （分数
2、：30.00）_二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：1，分数：71.00)Highways Early in the 20th century, most of the streets and roads in the U. S. were made of dirt, brick, and cedar wood blocks. Built for horse, carriage, and foot traffic, they were usually poorly cared for and too narrow to accommodate(容纳) automobiles.
3、 With the increase in auto production, private turnpike(收费公路)companies, under local authorities began to spring up, and by 1921 there were 387,000 miles of paved roads. Many were built using specifications of 19 century Scottish engineers Thomas Telford and John Mac Adam (for whom the macadam surfac
4、e is named) , whose specifications stressed the importance of adequate drainage. Beyond that, there were no national standards for size, weight restrictions, or commercial signs. During World War I, roads throughout the country were nearly destroyed by the weight of trucks. When General Eisenhower r
5、eturned from Germany in 1919, after serving in the U. S. Armys first transcontinental motor convoy(车队) ,he noted: “The old convoy had started me thinking about good, two-lane highways, but Germanys Autobahn or motorway had made me see the wisdom of broader ribbons across the land. “ It would take an
6、other war before the federal government would act on a national highway system. During World War II, a tremendous increase in trucks and new roads were required. The war demonstrated how critical highways were to the defense effort. Thirteen per cent of defense plants received all their supplies by
7、truck, and almost all other plants shipped more than half of their products by vehicle. The war also revealed that local control of highways had led to a confusing variety of design standards. Even federal and state highways did not follow basic standards. Some states allowed trucks up to 36,000 pou
8、nds, while others restricted anything over 7,000 pounds. A government study recommended a national highway system of 33,920 miles, and Congress soon passed the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1944, which called for strict, centrally controlled design criteria. The interstate highway system was finally la
9、unched in 1956 and has been hailed as one of the greatest public works projects of the century. To build its 44,000-mile web of highways, bridge, and tunnels, hundreds of unique engineering designs and solutions had to be worked out. Consider the many geographic features of the country: mountains, s
10、teep grades, wetlands, rivers, desserts, and plains. Variables included the slope of the land, the ability of the pavement to support the load, the intensity of road use, and the nature of the underlying soil. Urban areas were another problem. Innovative designs of roadways, tunnels, bridges, overpa
11、sses, and interchanges that could run through or bypass urban areas soon began to weave their way across the country, forever altering the face of America. Long-span, segmented-concrete, cable-stayed bridges such as Hale Boggs in Louisiana and the Sunshine Skyway in Florida, and remarkable tunnels l
12、ike Fort McHenry in Maryland and Mt Baker in Washington, met many of the nations physical challenges. Traffic control systems and methods of construction developed under the interstate program soon influenced highway construction around the world, and were invaluable, in improving the condition of u
13、rban streets and traffic patterns. Today, the interstate system links every major city in the U. S. and the U. S. with Canada and Mexico. Built with safety in mind, the highways have wide lanes and shoulders, dividing medians or barriers, long entry and exit lanes, curves engineered for safe turns,
14、and limited access. The death rate on highways is half that of all other U. S. roads (0. 86 deaths per 100 million passenger miles compared to 1.99 deaths per 100 million on all other roads). By opening the North American continent, highways have enabled consumer goods and services to reach people i
15、n remote and rural areas of the country, spurred the growth of suburbs, and provide people with greater options in terms of jobs, access to cultural programs, health care, and other benefits. Above all, the interstate system provides individuals with what they cherish most personal freedom of mobili
16、ty. The interstate system has been an essential element of the nations economic growth in terms of shipping and job creation: more than 75 percent of the nations freight deliveries arrive by truck; and most products that arrive by rail or air use interstates for the last leg of the journey by vehicl
17、e. Not only has the highway system affected the American economy by providing shipping routes, it has led to the growth of spin-off industries like service stations, motels, restaurants, and shopping centers. It has allowed the relocation of manufacturing plants and other industries from urban areas
18、 to rural. By the end of the century there was an immense network of paved roads, residential streets, expressways, and freeways built to support millions of vehicles. The highway system was officially renamed for Eisenhower to honor his vision and leadership. The year construction began he said: “T
19、ogether, the united forces of our communication and transportation systems are dynamic elements in the very name we bear United States. Without them, we would be a mere alliance of many separate parts. “ （分数：71.00）(1).National standards for paved roads were in place by 1921.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(2).Ge
20、neral Eisenhower felt that the broad German motorways made more sense than the two-lane highways of America.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(3).It was in the 1950s that the American government finally took action to build a national high-way system.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(4).Many of the problems presented by the cou
21、ntrys geographical features found solutions in innovative engineering projects.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(5).In spite of safety considerations, the death rate on interstate highways is still higher than that of other American roads.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(6).The interstate highway system provides access betwee
22、n major military installations in America.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(7).Service stations, motels and restaurants promoted the development of the interstate highway system.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(8).The greatest benefit brought about by the interstate system was_.（分数：7.10）_(9).Trucks using the interstate highwa
23、ys deliver more than_.（分数：7.10）_(10).The interstate system was renamed after Eisenhower in recognition of_.（分数：7.10）_三、Listening Comprehens(总题数：1，分数：15.00)A.4B.3C.7D.8A.She baked the cake herself.B.She bought it from the shop.C.She wants the man to bake it for her.D.The bakery baked the cake.A.To bu
24、y some potatoes.B.To pass him some potatoes.C.To have some potatoes.D.To help him cook some potatoes.A.Jim looks nice in anything.B.Jim doesnt look nice in the new shirt.C.Jim does not look nice in the old shirt.D.He wants Jim to lend him that shirt.A.The rain has stopped.B.She wants to soak her clo
25、thes.C.She is looking for her clothes.D.Its raining heavily.A.She will give him something to write.B.She doesnt know who took away his notebook.C.She wants to borrow some paper for him.D.He can borrow a notebook from her.A.She wants to go in another day.B.It will depend on the weather.C.Its a nice d
26、ay to go to class.D.Some of them can go swimming.A.He is very surprised to have such a bad weather.B.He doesnt think the train will be late.C.The train is late because of bad weather.D.Nobody will be surprised that the train is late.四、Section B(总题数：2，分数：10.00)A.They lived in caves.B.They traveled in
27、 groups.C.They had an advanced language.D.They ate mostly fruit.A.They lived in large groups.B.They used sand as insulation.C.They kept fires burning constantly.D.They faced their homes toward the south.A.Meet his anthropology teacher.B.Lend him her magazine when shes done with it.C.Come over to his
28、 house after class.D.Help him study for an anthropology test.A.In central London.B.Near a police station.C.By the tube station.D.On a side street.A.Green.B.Red.C.White.D.Black.A.It was stolen.B.It was given a ticket.C.She couldnt find it.D.She found it towed away by the police.A.She went to a police
29、 station nearby.B.She talked to a policeman on patrol.C.She took a taxi as a policeman advised her to do.D.She telephoned the police for help.A.Children dont get enough education in safety.B.Children are keen on dangerous games.C.The playgrounds are in poor condition.D.The playgrounds are overcrowde
30、d.A.They should help maintain the equipment.B.They should keep a watchful eye on their children.C.They should stop their children from climbing ladders.D.They should teach their children how to use the equipment.A.They tend to stay within shouting or running distance of their parents.B.They should b
31、e aware of the potential risks in the playground.C.They may panic in front of high playground equipment.D.They can be creative when they feel secure.A.Government and taxes.B.Work and taxes.C.Freedom and taxes.D.Death and taxes.A.Two.B.Three.C.Four.D.Five.A.They begin paying federal taxes from that d
32、ay.B.It is the last day for people to pay the city tax.C.It is the deadline for paying federal taxes.D.The state tax is due on that day.A.The national department of education.B.School boards.C.Public schools in the United States.D.Local control of school.A.Public schools are not the same throughout
33、the United States.B.The school board members are not professional education.C.The federal department is not the same as a department of education in many other countries.D.The members of the school board serve without pay.A.He governs the local school district.B.He carries out policies of the govern
34、ing board.C.He selects the superintendent of a school.D.He runs the business of the school.六、Section C(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Cats are (36) 1 of habit. They like to go to sleep about the same time every day and for a certain (37) 2 of time. They seem to have a (38) 3 clock inside them that tells them when t
35、o sleep. Cats (39) 4 their regular sleep with (40) 5 catnaps. Some experts feel that human could also (41) 6 from this habit. Catnaps help to build up (42) 7 in the body. They are also a good way to overcome (43) 8. Since cats have moods similar to those of humans, some experts believe that (44) 9.
36、(45) 10. The naps would usually last from fifteen to thirty minutes. Winston Churchill took catnaps. So did Presidents Harry Truman, John F. Kennedy, and Lyndon B. Johnson. (46) 11. Perhaps more people could learn from cats and take naps to feel better and live longer! （分数：10.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:
37、_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_七、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：2，分数：355.00)To understand the marketing concept, it is only necessary to understand the difference between marketing and selling. Not too many years ago, most industries centered primarily on the efficient production
38、 of goods, and then relied on “persuasive salesmanship“ to move as much of these goods as possible. Such production and selling focuses on the needs of the seller to produce goods and then change them into money. Marketing, on the other hand, focuses on the wants of consumers. It begins with first a
39、nalyzing the preferences and demands of consumers and then producing goods that will satisfy them. This eye-on-the-consumer approach is known as the marketing concept, which simply means that instead of trying to sell Whatever is easiest to produce or buy for resale, the makers and dealers first try
40、 to find out what the consumer wants to buy and then go about making it available for purchase. This concept does not imply that business is benevolent (慈善的) or that consumer satisfaction is given priority over profit in a company. There are always two sides to every business transaction-the firm an
41、d the customer-and each must be satisfied before trade occurs. Successful merchants and producers, however, recognize that the surest route to profit is through understanding and meeting the needs of the consumers. A striking example of the importance of meeting the consumers needs happened in mid-1
42、985, when Coca-Cola changed the flavor of its drink. The non-acceptance of the new flavor by a significant portion of the public brought about a prompt restoration of the Classic Coke, which was then marketed alongside the new. King Customer ruled! （分数：177.50）(1).To put it in a simpler way, the mark
43、eting concept is _.（分数：35.50）A.a kind of persuasive salesmanshipB.an effort to turn goods into moneyC.a customer-centered approachD.a surest way to greater profit(2).According to the passage, most industries in the near past focused on _.（分数：35.50）A.the demands of the marketB.the efficiency of produ
44、ctionC.the preferences of consumersD.the satisfaction of consumers(3).The author used the example of Coca-cola to show _.（分数：35.50）A.both the firm and the customers must be satisfied before trade occursB.a new product is hard to be accepted by the majority of the consumersC.Classic Coke is much bett
45、er than the new flavor produced by Coca-colaD.a product must be designed to satisfy the demands of most consumers(4).Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?（分数：35.50）A.A business produces goods only because they want to satisfy the needs of the public.B.Consumer satisfact
46、ion is always the most important factor for producers to consider.C.Both consumer satisfaction and persuasive salesmanship serve producers pursuit of profit.D.Producers and merchants are very benevolent in that they focus on consumer s satisfaction.(5).The phrase “to move as much of these goods as p
47、ossible“ in Lines 3 -4 of Paragraph 1 means _.（分数：35.50）A.to sell the largest possible amount of goodsB.to make the goods as attractive as possibleC.to produce the goods as efficiently as possibleD.to focus greatly on the needs of the consumersTo most Africans, tribalism simply means very strong loyalty to ones ethnic group. It is a force that can be both good and bad. By definition tribalism means sharing among members of the extended family. It makes sure that a person is taken care of by his own group. To give a job to a fel
