1、大学英语六级分类模拟题 466 及答案解析(总分：467.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Writing(总题数：1，分数：106.50)1.Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Electronic Waste. You should write at least 150 words following the outlines given below in Chinese: 1废弃的电子产品越来越多； 2如何正确处理这些电子产品。 Electron
2、ic Waste（分数：106.50）_二、Part Reading Compr(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Section A(总题数：1，分数：71.00)How “Second Brain“ Influences Mood and Well-BeingA. As Olympians go for the gold in Vancouver, even the steeliest are likely to experience that familiar feeling of “butterflies“ in the stomach. Underlying this sensatio
3、n is an often-overlooked network of neurons (神经元) lining our guts that is so extensive some scientists have nicknamed it our “second brain“. A deeper understanding of this mass of neural tissue is revealing that it does much more than merely handle digestion or inflict the occasional nervous pang. T
4、he little brain in our gut, in connection with the big one in our head, partly determines our mental state and plays key roles in certain diseases throughout the body. B. Although its influence is far-reaching, the second brain is not the seat of any conscious thoughts or decision-making. “The secon
5、d brain doesn“t help with the great thought processes.religion, philosophy and poetry is left to the brain in the head,“ says Michael Gershon, chairman of the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology at New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Medical Centre, author of the 1998 book The Seco
6、nd Brain. C. Technically known as the enteric (肠的) nervous system, the second brain consists of covers of neurons embedded in the walls of the long tube of our gut, which measures about nine meters end to end. The second brain contains some 100 million neurons, Gershon says. This multitude of neuron
7、s in the enteric nervous system enables us to “feel“ the inner world of our gut and its contents. Much of this neural firepower comes to bear in the elaborate daily grind of digestion. Breaking down food, absorbing nutrients, and expelling of waste requires chemical processing, mechanical mixing and
8、 rhythmic muscle contractions that move everything on down the line. D. Thus equipped with its own reactions and senses, the second brain can control gut behavior independently of the brain, Gershon says. We likely evolved this intricate web of nerves to perform digestion and ejection “on site,“ rat
9、her than remotely from our brains through the middleman of the spinal cord (脊髓). “The brain in the head doesn“t need to get its hands dirty with the messy business of digestion, which is delegated to the brain in the gut,“ Gershon says. He and other researchers explain, however, that the second brai
10、n“s complexity likely cannot be interpreted through this process alone. E. “The system is way too complicated to have evolved only to make sure things move out of your bowel,“ says Emeran Mayer, professor of physiology, psychiatry and biobehavioral sciences at the David Geffen School of Medicine at
11、the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). For example, scientists were shocked to learn that about 90 percent of the fibers in the primary gut nerve, the vagus (迷走神经), carry information from the gut to the brain and not the other way around. “Some of that information is decidedly unpleasant,
12、“ Gershon says. F. The second brain informs our state of mind in other more obscure ways, as well. “A big part of our emotions are probably influenced by the nerves in our gut,“ Mayer says. Butterflies in the stomachsignaling in the gut as part of our physiological stress response, Gershon saysis bu
13、t one example. Although gastrointestinal (胃肠的)(GI) chaos can sour one“s moods, everyday emotional well- being may rely on messages from the brain below to the brain above. For example, electrical stimulation of the vagus nervea useful treatment for depressionmay mimic these signals, Gershon says. G.
14、 Given the two brains“ commonalities, other depression treatments that target the mind can unintentionally impact the gut. The enteric nervous system uses more than 30 neurotransmitters, just like the brain, and in fact 95 percent of the body“s serotonin (血清素) is found in the bowels. Because antidep
15、ressant medications called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) increase serotonin levels, it“s little wonder that meds (椎间盘镜) meant to cause chemical changes in the mind often provoke GI issues as a side effect. Irritable bowel syndromewhich afflicts more than two million Americansalso a
16、rises in part from too much serotonin in our guts, and could perhaps be regarded as a “mental illness“ of the second brain. H. Scientists are learning that the serotonin made by the enteric nervous system might also play a role in more surprising diseases: In a new Nature Medicine study published on
17、line February 7, a drug that inhibited the release of serotonin from the gut counteracted the bone-deteriorating disease osteoporosis (骨质疏松症). “It was totally unexpected that the gut would regulate bone mass to the extent that one could use this regulation to cure osteoporosis,“ says Gerard Karsenty
18、, lead author of the study and chair of the Department of Genetics and Development at Columbia University Medical Centre. I. Serotonin penetrating from the second brain might even play some part in autism (孤独症), the developmental disorder often first noticed in early childhood. Gershon has discovere
19、d that the same genes involved in synapse formation (突触形成) between neurons in the brain are involved in the digestive synapse formation. “If these genes are affected in autism,“ he says, “it could explain why so many kids with autism have GI motor abnormalities in addition to elevated levels of gut-
20、produced serotonin in their blood.“ J. Down the road, the blossoming field of neurogastroenterology will likely offer some new insight into the workings of the second brainand its impact on the body and mind. “We have never systematically looked at the enteric nervous system in relating damages in i
21、t to diseases like they have for the central nervous system“, Gershon says. One day, perhaps there will be well-known connections between diseases and damages in the gut“s nervous system as some in the brain and spinal cord today indicate multiple sclerosis K. Cutting-edge research is currently inve
22、stigating how the second brain mediates the body“s immune response; after all, at least 70 percent of our immune system is aimed at the gut to expel and kill foreign invaders. UCLA“s Mayer is doing work on how the trillions of bacteria in the gut “communicate“ with enteric nervous system cells (whic
23、h they greatly outnumber). His work with the enteric nervous system has led him to think that in coming years psychiatry (精神病学) will need to expand to treat the second brain in addition to the one above the shoulders. L. So for those physically skilled and mentally strong enough to compete in the Ol
24、ympic Gamesas well as those watching at homeit may well necessary for us all to pay more heed to our so-called “gut feelings“ in the future.（分数：71.00）(1).The second brain does not deal with the activities of advanced thinking.（分数：7.10）(2).Some scientists have called the network of neurons in guts th
25、e “second brain“.（分数：7.10）(3).Apart from elevated levels of gut-produced serotonin in their blood, children with autism are believed to have GI disorder.（分数：7.10）(4).Meds often provoke GI issues as a side effect because SSRIs increase serotonin levels.（分数：7.10）(5).The author suggested that it is nec
26、essary for everyone to pay more attention to “gut feelings“.（分数：7.10）(6).Cutting-edge research is now focusing on the way the second brain adjusts the body“s immune response.（分数：7.10）(7).Many of our emotions may be affected by the second brain.（分数：7.10）(8).The second brain with its own reactions and
27、 senses can give direction to gut behavior independently.（分数：7.10）(9).It will soon be necessary for psychiatry to treat both the brain in the head and the second brain.（分数：7.10）(10).The second brain enables us to feel the inner world of our gut through a multitude of neurons.（分数：7.10）四、Section B(总题数
28、：0，分数：0.00)五、Passage One(总题数：2，分数：92.00)As fans enjoy football“s (soccer“s) month-long World Cup, Brazilian authorities are pleased over the boost they say the tournament is giving the country“s economy. However, independent analysts who study such events are less enthusiastic. The 2014 World Cup ha
29、s injected an estimated $15 billion into the Brazilian economy and created many jobs. Regarding the human legacy, the numbers are extraordinary: the creation of one million jobs in the country due to this great event, one million jobs or 15 percent of all the jobs created this year in Brazil. The go
30、vernment has invested $11 billion in stadiums and infrastructure and another $2 billion in security. It is expected to spend billions more preparing for the 2016 Olympic games in Rio. But an analyst who studies such great events, Architecture and Urbanism Professor at Rio de Janeiro“s Fluminense Fed
31、eral University, Chris Gaffney, believes these figures are exaggerated. “I don“t think that they“ve invested enough money to create those kinds of permanent jobs. In the scale of the Brazilian economy, we“re not looking at that much money being invested. It“s 30 billion dollars invested in a $1 tril
32、lion economy.“ Another expert, Lisa Delpy Neirotti of George Washington University“s business school in the United States, says the real economic benefits of such events are less tangible and more long-term. “There“s a lot of transfer of knowledge,“ she said. “People are learning more about hospital
33、ity. There“s also the broadcast center where they“re being trained in how to use technology. And so I think it“s in the media sector, a lot in the hospitality industry and also in licensing and merchandizing, retail.“ She said. “Yes, there“s been a lot of money spent here but we have to realize that
34、 the infrastructure that they“ve built up around the World Cup is something that will last and it stays in the country.“ Other analysts say the Cup may help the Brazilian economy but it also boosts inflation and public debt. Less than half of the Brazilians in a recent poll believed that hosting the
35、 Cup was a good idea. And there have been many demonstrations against the Cup, though they have declined since the tournament began. Nevertheless, many Brazilians are proud to host the World Cup and the 600,000 foreign visitors it brings. The hope is that they will spread the good word about Brazil
36、when they return home.（分数：20.00）(1).According to the passage why is Brazilian government so pleased with the World Cup?（分数：4.00）A.It will spread the good word about Brazil.B.It will enhance Brazil“s international status.C.It has boosted its economy.D.It has created many jobs.(2).Which of the followi
37、ng can not be inferred from “independent analysts who study such events are less enthusiastic“ (Para.1) ?（分数：4.00）A.They don“t trust the authorities“ words.B.The tournament is not a good thing for Brazil.C.The tournament does not bring such a boost as the authorities thought.D.The tournament also ha
38、s some negative influence.(3).Why Chris Gaffney believes these figures are exaggerated?（分数：4.00）A.The tournament cannot produce so many jobs in such short time.B.Because the economic benefits of such events are less tangible and more long-term.C.Because it is hard to estimate the actual money spent
39、on it.D.Given the scale of Brazilian economy, they cannot invest enough money to create so many permanent jobs.(4).The examples of hospitality and infrastructure proves that _.（分数：4.00）A.the benefits of such events are long-term and intangible.B.the event has created a lot of permanent jobs.C.people
40、 become more friendly and the country become more beautiful.D.authorities“ estimation are exaggerated.(5).The author“s attitude towards the event can be best described as _.（分数：4.00）A.enthusiastic supportB.reserved consent.C.neutral.D.disapproval.Saying they can no longer ignore the rising prices of
41、 health care, some of the most influential medical groups in the nation are recommending that doctors weigh the costs, not just the effectiveness of treatments, as they make decisions about patient care. The shift, little noticed outside the medical establishment but already controversial inside it,
42、 suggests that doctors are starting to redefine their roles, from being concerned exclusively about individual patients to exerting influence on how healthcare dollars are spent. In practical terms, the new guidelines being developed could result in doctors choosing one drug over another for cost re
43、asons or even deciding that a particular treatmentat the end of life, for exampleis too expensive. In the extreme, some critics have said that making treatment decisions based on cost is a form of rationing. Traditionally, guidelines have heavily influenced the practice of medicine, and the latest o
44、nes are expected to make doctors more conscious of the economic consequences of their decisions, even though there“s no obligation to follow them. Medical society guidelines are also used by insurance companies to help determine reimbursement (报销) policies. Some doctors see a potential conflict in t
45、rying to be both providers of patient care and financial overseers. “There should be forces in society who should be concerned about the budget, but they shouldn“t be functioning simultaneously as doctors,“ said Dr. Martin Samuels at a Boston hospital. He said doctors risked losing the trust of pati
46、ents if they told patients, “I“m not going to do what I think is best for you because I think it“s bad for the healthcare budget in Massachusetts.“ Doctors can face some grim trade-offs. Studies have shown, for example, that two drugs are about equally effective in treating macular degeneration, and
47、 eye disease. But one costs $50 a dose and the other close to $2000. Medicare could save hundreds of millions of dollars a year if everyone used the cheaper drug, Avastin, instead of the costlier one, Lucentis. But the Food and Drug Administration has not approved Avastin for use in the eye, and usi
48、ng it rather than the alternative, Lucentis, might carry an additional, although slight, safety risk. Should doctors consider Medicare“s budget in deciding what to use? “I think ethically (在道德层面上) we are just worried about the patient in front of us and not trying to save money for the insurance ind
49、ustry or society as a whole,“ said Dr. Donald Jensen. Still, some analysts say that there“s a role for doctors to play in cost analysis because not many others are doing so. “In some ways,“ said Dr. Daniel Sulmasy, “it represents a failure of wider society to take up the issue.“（分数：72.00）(1).What do some most influential medical groups recommend doctors do?（分数：14.40）A.Reflect on the responsibilities they are supposed to take.B.Pay more attention to the effectiveness of their trea
