1、大学英语六级分类模拟题 445及答案解析(总分：509.50，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Reading Compr(总题数：0，分数：0.00)Why Teenagers Act CrazyA. Adolescence is practically synonymous in our culture with risk taking, emotional drama and all forms of strange behavior. Until very recently, the widely accepted explanation for adolescent angst h
2、as been psychological. Developmentally, teenagers face a number of social and emotional challenges, like starting to separate from their parents, getting accepted into a peer group and figuring out who they really are. It doesn“t take a psychoanalyst to realize that these are anxiety-provoking trans
3、itions. B. But there is a darker side to adolescence that, until now, was poorly understood: a surge during teenage years in anxiety and fearfulness. Largely because of a quirk (古怪) of brain development, adolescents, on average, experience more anxiety and fear and have a harder time learning how no
4、t to be afraid than either children or adults. C. Different regions and circuits of the brain mature at very different rates. It turns out that the brain circuit for processing fearthe amygdala (杏仁核)is precocious (早熟的) and develops way ahead of the prefrontal cortex (前额皮质), the seat of reasoning and
5、 executive control. This means that adolescents have a brain that is wired with an enhanced capacity for fear and anxiety, but is relatively underdeveloped when it comes to calm reasoning. D. You may wonder why, if adolescents have such enhanced capacity for anxiety, they are such novelty seekers an
6、d risk takers. It would seem that the two traits are at odds. The answer, in part, is that the brain“s reward center, just like its fear circuit, matures earlier than the prefrontal cortex. That reward center drives much of teenagers“ risky behavior. This behavioral paradox also helps explain why ad
7、olescents are particularly prone to injury and trauma. The top three killers of teenagers are accidents, homicide and suicide. The brain-development lag has huge implications for how we think about anxiety and how we treat it. It suggests that anxious adolescents may not be very responsive to psycho
8、therapy that attempts to teach them to be unafraid, like cognitive behavior therapy, which is zealously prescribed for teenagers. E. What we have learned should also make us think twiceand then someabout the ever rising use of stimulants in young people, because these drugs may worsen anxiety and ma
9、ke it harder for teenagers to do what they are developmentally supposed to do: Learn to be unafraid when it is appropriate to do so. Of course, most adolescents do not develop anxiety disorders, but acquire the skill to modulate (调节) their fear as their prefrontal cortex matures in young adulthood,
10、at around age 25. But up to 20 percent of adolescents in the United States experience a diagnosable anxiety disorder, like generalized anxiety or panic attacks, probably resulting from a mix of genetic factors and environmental influences. The prevalence of anxiety disorders and risky behavior (both
11、 of which reflect this developmental disjunction in the brain) have been relatively steady, which suggests to me that the biological contribution is very significant. F. One of my patients, a 32-year-old man, recalled feeling anxious in social gatherings as a teenager. “It was viscerally (出自内心地) unp
12、leasant and I felt as if I couldn“t even speak the same language as other people in the room,“ he said. It wasn“t that he disliked human company; rather, socializing in groups felt dangerous, even though intellectually he knew that wasn“t the case. He developed a strategy to deal with his discomfort
13、: alcohol. When he drank, he felt relaxed and able to engage. Now treated and sober for several years, he still has a trace of social anxiety and still wishes for a drink in anticipation of socializing. G. Of course, we all experience anxiety. Among other things, it“s a normal emotional response to
14、threatening situations. The hallmark of an anxiety disorder is the persistence of anxiety that causes intense distress and interferes with functioning even in safe settings, long after any threat has receded. We“ve recently learned that adolescents show heightened fear responses and have difficulty
15、learning how not to be afraid. In one study using brain M. R. I., researchers at Weill Cornell Medical College and Stanford University found that when adolescents were shown fearful faces, they had exaggerated responses in the amygdala compared with children and adults. H. The amygdala is a region b
16、uried deep beneath the cortex that is critical in evaluating and responding to fear. it sends and receives connections to our prefrontal cortex alerting us to danger even before we have had time to really think about it. Think of that split-second adrenaline (肾上腺素) surge when you see what appears to
17、 be a snake out on a hike in the woods. That instantaneous fear is your amygdala in action. Then you circle back, take another look and this time your prefrontal cortex tells you it was just a harmless stick. Fear learning lies at the heart of anxiety and anxiety disorders. This primitive form of le
18、arning allows us to form associations between events and specific cues and environments that may predict danger. Way back on the savanna (热带草原), for example, we would have learned that the rustle in the grass or the sudden flight of birds might signal a predatorand taken the cue and run to safety. W
19、ithout the ability to identify such danger signals, we would have been lunch long ago. But once previously threatening cues or situations become safe, we have to be able to re-evaluate them and suppress our learned fear associations. I. Another patient I saw in consultation recently, a 23-year-old w
20、oman, described how she became anxious when she was younger after seeing a commercial about asthma (哮喘). “It made me incredibly worried for no reason, and I had a panic attack soon after seeing it,“ she said. As an older teenager, she became worried about getting too close to homeless people and wou
21、ld hold her breath when near them, knowing that “this was crazy and made no sense“. B. J. Casey, a professor of psychology and the director of the Sackler Institute at Weill Cornell Medical College, has studied fear learning in a group of children, adolescents and adults. Subjects were shown a color
22、ed square at the same time that they were exposed to an aversive (令人反感的) noise. The colored square, previously a neutral stimulus, became associated with an unpleasant sound and elicited a fear response similar to that elicited by the sound. J. What Dr. Casey and her colleagues found was that there
23、were no differences between the subjects in the acquisition of fear conditioning. But when Dr. Casey trained the subjects to essentially unlearn the association between the colored square and the noisea process called fear extinctionsomething very different happened. With fear extinction, subjects a
24、re repeatedly shown the colored square in the absence of the noise. Now the square, also known as the conditioned stimulus, loses its ability to elicit a fear response. Dr. Casey discovered that adolescents had a much harder time “unlearning“ the link between the colored square and the noise than ch
25、ildren or adults did. K. In effect, adolescents had trouble learning that a cue that was previously linked to something aversive was now neutral and “safe“. If you consider that adolescence is a time of exploration when young people develop greater autonomy, an enhanced capacity for fear and a more
26、persistent memory for threatening situations are adaptive and would confer survival advantage. In fact, the developmental gap between the amygdala and the prefrontal cortex that is described in humans has been found across mammalian species, suggesting that this is an evolutionary advantage. This ne
27、w understanding about the neurodevelopmental basis of adolescent anxiety has important implications, too, in how we should treat anxiety disorders. One of the most widely used and empirically supported treatments for anxiety disorders is cognitive behavior therapy, a form of extinction learning in w
28、hich a stimulus that is experienced as frightening is repeatedly presented in a nonthreatening environment. If, for example, you had a fear of spiders, you would be gradually exposed to them in a setting where there were no dire consequences and you would slowly lose your arachnophobia (蛛蛛恐惧症). The
29、paradox is that adolescents are at increased risk of anxiety disorders in part because of their impaired ability to successfully extinguish fear associations, yet they may be the least responsive to desensitization (脱敏) treatments like cognitive behavior therapy precisely because of this impairment.
30、 L. But we do know this Adolescents are not just carefree novelty seekers and risk takers; they are uniquely vulnerable to anxiety and have a hard time learning to be unafraid of passing dangers. Parents have to realize that adolescent anxiety is to be expected, and to comfort their teenagersand the
31、mselvesby reminding them that they will grow up and out of it soon enough.（分数：70.00）(1).People suffering from an anxiety disorder tend to have enduring anxious feelings after any threat has faded.（分数：7.00）(2).For teenagers, the region for reasoning in the brain develops slower than the brain circuit
32、 for processing fear and anxiety.（分数：7.00）(3).That the amygdala and the prefrontal cortex in mammals mature at different speeds is an evolutionary advantage.（分数：7.00）(4).Alcohol helps some people to relax when they feel anxious in social activities.（分数：7.00）(5).The earlier maturity of the reward cen
33、ter partly accounts for adolescents“ risky behavior.（分数：7.00）(6).Adolescents have to experience a series of anxiety-provoking challenges.（分数：7.00）(7).Parents should remind their kids that adolescent anxiety is normal and can be got over soon.（分数：7.00）(8).Researchers found teenagers were prone to get
34、 trouble in unlearning the negative feelings linked to the conditioned stimulus.（分数：7.00）(9).Most teenagers are able to control fear as their prefrontal cortex fully develops in their mid-twenties.（分数：7.00）(10).The amygdala delivers information about danger to the prefrontal cortex as soon as the da
35、nger comes.（分数：7.00）三、Part Translation(总题数：10，分数：439.50)1.中国河流中国是世界上河流众多的国家之一。长江是中国最大的河流，也是世界第三长河，仅次于非洲的 尼罗河 (the Nile River)和南美洲的 亚马逊河 (the Amazon River)。长江全长约 6397千米， 流域 (catchment area)总面积达 180万平方千米。长江中下游地区气候温暖湿润，降雨丰富，土壤肥沃，因而成为重要的农业区。长江有“黄金水道”之称，是连接中国东西部的交通要道。黄河是中国第二大河，全长 5464千米，流域面积约 79万平方千米。黄河河
36、谷是中国古代文明的发源地之一，有丰美的牧场和丰富的矿藏。 （分数：20.00）_2.唐诗(Tang Poetry)是我国优秀的文学遗产，也是世界文学宝库中一颗灿烂的明珠。唐诗的题材非常广泛，从自然现象、政治动态、劳动生活、社会风习，直到个人感受。这些都逃不过诗人敏锐的目光，成为他们写作的主题。在创作方法上，既有现实主义流派，也有浪漫主义流派，而许多伟大的作品，则又是这两种创作方法相结合的典范，形成了我国古典诗歌的优秀传统。尽管唐诗离现在已有一千多年了，但许多诗篇仍被我们所广为流传。 （分数：106.50）_3.现在大家都在讨论云计算(cloud computing)，这意味着利用互联网的远程计
37、算的发展。这对于中小型企业来说是好消息，因为基于云计算的系统为他们提供了大量的工具，能够为其节省成本，降低维修的次数。同许多技术创新一样，云计算的应用遇到了传统的系统和设想(traditional system and patterns of design)的阻碍。在发达国家，大多数企业已经拥有依赖于传统硬件、软件和常规的工作方式的基础设施。而在发展中国家，政府和研究机构很希望鼓励应用价格便宜的技术。 （分数：10.00）_4.百度(Baidu)是全球最大的中文搜索引擎。2000 年 1月，李彦宏(Robin Li)和徐勇在北京中关村创立了百度公司，致力于向公众提供“简单、可依赖”的信息获取方
38、式。经过多年的发展，百度已经拥有数千名研发工程师，他们掌握着世界上最为先进的搜索引擎技术。百度已经成为掌握最尖端的核心技术的中国高科技企业之一。百度提供的所有产品操作简单，涉及普通公众工作和生活的各个方面。它已成为中国最受欢迎、影响力最大的中文网站。 （分数：106.50）_5.天津天津是中央直辖市之一，是华北地区重要的商贸和工业中心，也是该地区最大的港口。如今，天津已成为多国商贸云集的中心，拥有广泛的现代化基础设施，且以其工业产品的高品质而闻名于世。天津有驰名天下的四大民间艺术。“泥人张”彩塑艺术闻名全国，饮誉世界。“杨柳青年画”历史悠久，深受国际友人青睐。“魏记风筝”获 1914年巴拿马国
39、际博览会金奖。刻砖刘的建筑装饰砖雕艺术也十分有名。 （分数：20.00）_6.绿色就业绿色就业 (green job)是在经济绿化的过程中产生和发展的，指的是从事绿色经济活动的就业。绿色经济是对产业结构、产品生产的技术和工艺、产品生产的组织方式进行“绿化”。绿色就业就是采用绿色技术、工艺和原材料进行生产的就业，就是从事绿色产品生产和服务的就业，就是从事环境和生态保护工作的就业。世界上很多国家看到了绿色产业蕴藏的巨大就业潜力，纷纷采取措施，开发绿色项目，刺激绿色消费，以创造更多的就业岗位。 （分数：20.00）_7.除夕可谓中国传统节日中最重要的节日。它是指农历年的最后一天晚上，即农历新年的前夕
40、。除夕，从字面上来看，就是“辞旧迎新”之意，象征着旧的一年即将终结和新的一年即将开始。除夕是举家团圆之夜，即使出门在外，身在他乡，千里迢迢，人们也要赶回家和亲人团聚。这一天，挂起灯笼的房子不但要打扫得干干净净，人们还要贴 门神 (door-god)、 春联 (spring couplet)和年画，夜里十二点还要放爆竹以示庆祝。除夕之夜，人们往往通宵不眠，叫做“ 守岁 (staying-up)”；大家欢聚酣饮，共享 天伦之乐 (happiness of a family reunion)。 （分数：10.00）_8.围棋 (go)于四千多年前起源于中国，是一种重要的棋盘游戏，并在一千多年前就先后
41、传到朝鲜 半岛 (peninsula)和日本，为东北亚人们普遍喜爱。每年中、日、韩之间有多种围棋比赛，围棋成为文化交流的工具。围棋不仅是一个竞赛项目，也是一种游戏活动， 文人 (literati)的案台上常常备有围棋。客人来了，除了有酒，还有围棋。旧时，无论在农村还是在市井，人们常常可以见到这样的场面：两个人在对弈，旁边站着一大片观棋的人，观棋的人得到的快乐丝毫不比下棋的人少。 （分数：20.00）_9.中国宣布计划通过建立经济走廊，并向沿线国家投资近 9000亿美元来振兴“一带一路(Belt and Road)”贸易发展。六大经济走廊分别是中蒙俄、新亚欧大陆桥、中国中亚西亚、中国中南半岛(C
42、hina-Indo-China Peninsula)、中巴、孟中印缅。周三，在重庆亚欧互联互通产业对话会议的开幕式讲话中，张高丽说，这样牢固的关系“举世瞩目，前景广阔”。张高丽介绍，中国倡导的“一带一路”贸易和基础设施建设网络受到了亚欧国家的欢迎，使有关各方都能从中获益。 （分数：106.50）_10.相亲在中国，爱情有时会败给现实；相亲从很大程度上已经变成了一种交易。在北京，有许多父母到公园去给子女寻找对象。与此同时，单身俱乐部把客户按照身高、收入、财产进行划分。而女人们一定要在 27岁之前嫁出去，否则就会被贴上“剩女”(leftover woman)的标签。中国人普遍认为女性应该在 27岁
43、之前结婚。而事实上，据说我们国家的“光棍”(bachelor)数量比“剩女”还多。不管是过去还是现在，在工作单位还是在家庭环境中，牵线配对依然非常普遍。 （分数：20.00）_大学英语六级分类模拟题 445答案解析(总分：509.50，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Reading Compr(总题数：0，分数：0.00)Why Teenagers Act CrazyA. Adolescence is practically synonymous in our culture with risk taking, emotional drama and all forms of strang
44、e behavior. Until very recently, the widely accepted explanation for adolescent angst has been psychological. Developmentally, teenagers face a number of social and emotional challenges, like starting to separate from their parents, getting accepted into a peer group and figuring out who they really
45、 are. It doesn“t take a psychoanalyst to realize that these are anxiety-provoking transitions. B. But there is a darker side to adolescence that, until now, was poorly understood: a surge during teenage years in anxiety and fearfulness. Largely because of a quirk (古怪) of brain development, adolescen
46、ts, on average, experience more anxiety and fear and have a harder time learning how not to be afraid than either children or adults. C. Different regions and circuits of the brain mature at very different rates. It turns out that the brain circuit for processing fearthe amygdala (杏仁核)is precocious (早熟的) and develops way ahead of the prefrontal cortex (前额皮质), the seat of reasoning and executive control. This means that adolescents have a brain that is wired with an enhanced capacity for fear and anxiety, but is relatively underdeveloped when it comes to calm reasoning. D. You may won
