1、大学英语六级分类模拟题 440 及答案解析(总分：564.50，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Reading Compr(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Section B(总题数：1，分数：25.00)Plastic SurgeryA better credit card is the solution to ever larger hack attacksA. A thin magnetic stripe(magstripe)is all that stands between your credit-card information and the bad guys. And th
2、ey“ve been working hard to break in. That“s why 2014 is shaping up as a major showdown: banks, law enforcement and technology companies are all trying to stop a network of hackers who are succeeding in stealing account numbers, names, email addresses and other crucial data used in identity theft. Mo
3、re than 100 million accounts at Target, Neiman Marcus and Michaels stores were affected in some way during the most recent attacks, starting last November. B. Swipe(刷卡)is the operative word: cards are increasingly vulnerable to attacks when you make purchases in a store. In several recent incidents,
4、 hackers have been able to obtain massive information of credit-, debit-(借记)or prepaid-card numbers using malware, i.e. malicious soft-ware, inserted secretly into the retailers“ point-of-sale systemthe checkout registers. Hackers then sold the data to a second group of criminals operating in shadow
5、y corners of the web. Not long after, the stolen data was showing up on fake cards and being used for online purchases. C. The solution could cost as little as $2 extra for every piece of plastic issued. The fix is a security technology used heavily outside the U. S. While American credit cards use
6、the 40-year-old magstripe technology to process transactions, much of the rest of the world uses smarter cards with a technology called EMV(short for Europay, MasterCard, Visa)that employs a chip embedded in the card plus a customer PIN( personal identification number)to authenticate(验证)every transa
7、ction on the spot. If a purchaser fails to punch in the correct PIN at the checkout, the transaction gets rejected. (Online purchases can be made by setting up a separate transaction code.) D. Why haven“t big banks adopted the more secure technology? When it comes to mailing out new credit cards, it
8、“s all about relative costs, says David Robertson, who runs the Nilson Report, an industry newsletter. “The cost of the card, putting the sticker on it, coding the account number and expiration date, embossing(凸印)it, the small envelopeall put together, you“re in the dollar range.“ A chip-and-PIN car
9、d currently costs closer to $3, says Robertson, because of the price of chips. (Once large issuers convert together, the chip costs should drop.) E. Multiply $3 by the more than 5 billion magstripe credit and prepaid cards in circulation in the U. S. Then consider that there“s an estimated $12.4 bil
10、lion in card fraud on a global basis, says Robertson. With 44% of that in the U. S. American credit-card fraud amounts to about $5.5 billion annually. Card issuers have so far calculated that absorbing the liability for even big hacks like the Target one is still cheaper than replacing all that plas
11、tic. F. That leaves American retailers pretty much alone the world over in relying on magstripe technology to charge purchasesand leaves consumers vulnerable. Each magstripe has three tracks of information, explains payments security expert Jeremy Gumbley, the chief technology officer of CreditCall,
12、 an electronic-payments company. The first and third are used by the bank or card issuer. Your vital account information lives on the second track, which hackers try to capture. “Malware is scanning through the memory in real time and looking for data,“ he says. “It creates a text file that gets sto
13、len.“ G. Chip-and-PIN cards, by contrast, make fake cards or skimming impossible because the information that gets scanned is encrypted (加密). The historical reason the U. S. has stuck with magstripe, ironically enough, is once superior technology. Our cheap, ultra-reliable wired net-works made credi
14、t-card authentication over the phone frictionless. In France, card companies created EMV in part because the telephone monopoly was so maddeningly inefficient and expensive. The EMV solution allowed transactions to be verified locally and securely. H. Some big banks, like Wells Fargo, are now offeri
15、ng to convert your magstripe card to a chip-and-PIN model. (It“s actually a hybrid(混合体)that will still have a magstripe, since most U. S. merchants don“t have EMV terminals.) Should you take them up on it? If you travel internationally, the answer is yes. I. Keep in mind, too, that credit cards typi
16、cally have better liability protection than debit cards. If someone uses your credit card fraudulently(欺炸性地), it“s the issuer or merchant, not you, that takes the hit. Debit cards have different liability limits depending on the bank and the events surrounding any fraud. “If it“s available, the logi
17、cal thing is to get a chip-and-PIN card from your bank,“ says Eric Adamowsky, a co-founder of CreditCardInsider. com. “I would use credit cards over debit cards because of liability issues. “Cash still works pretty well too. J. Retailers and banks stand to benefit from the lower fraud levels of chip
18、-and-PIN cards but have been reluctant for years to invest in the new infrastructure(基础设施)needed for the technology, especially if consumers don“t have access to it. It“s a chicken-and-egg problem: no one wants to spend the money on upgraded point-of-sale systems that can read the chip cards if shop
19、pers aren“t car-tying themyet there“s little point in consumers“ carrying the fancy plastic if stores aren“t equipped to use them. (An earlier effort by Target to move to chip and PIN never gained progress.) According to Gumbley, there“s a “you-first mentality. The logjam(僵局)has to be broken.“ K. JP
20、Morgan Chase CEO Jamie Dimon recently expressed his willingness to do so, noting that banks and merchants have spent the past decade suing each other over interchange feesthe percentage of the transaction price they keeprather than deal with the growing hacking problem. Chase offers a chip-enabled c
21、ard under its own brand and several others for travel-related companies such as British Airways and Ritz-Carlton. L. The Target and Neiman hacks have also changed the cost calculation: although retailers have been reluctant to spend the $6.75 billion that Capgemini consultants estimate it will take
22、to convert all their registers to be chip-and-PIN compatible, the potential liability they now face is dramatically greater. Target has been hit with class actions from hacked consumers. “It“s the ultimate nightmare,“ a retail executive from a well-known chain admitted to TIME. M. The card-payment c
23、ompanies MasterCard and Visa are pushing hard for change. The two firms have warned all parties in the transaction chainmerchant, network, bankthat if they don“t become EMV-compliant by October 2015, the party that is least compliant will bear the fraud risk. N. In the meantime, app-equipped smartph
24、ones and digital walletsall of which can use EMV technologyare beginning to make inroads(侵袭)on cards and cash. PayPal, for instance, is testing an app that lets you use your mobile phone to pay on the fly at local merchantswithout surrendering any card information to them. And further down the road
25、is biometric authentication, which could be encrypted with, say, a fingerprint. O. Credit and debit cards, though, are going to be with us for the foreseeable future, and so are hackers, if we stick with magstripe technology. “It seems crazy to me,“ says Gumbley, who is English, “that a cutting-edge
26、-technology country is depending on a 40-year-old technology.“ That“s why it may be up to consumers to move the needle on chip and PIN. Robertson says “When you get the consumer into a position of worry and inconvenience, that“s where the rubber hits the road.“（分数：25.00）(1).It is best to use an EMV
27、card for international travel.（分数：2.50）(2).Personal information on credit and debit cards is increasingly vulnerable to hacking.（分数：2.50）(3).The French card companies adopted EMV technology partly because of inefficient telephone service.（分数：2.50）(4).While many countries use the smarter EMV cards. t
28、he U. S. still clings to its old mag-stripe technology.（分数：2.50）(5).Attempts are being made to prevent hackers from carrying out identity theft.（分数：2.50）(6).Credit cards are much safer to use than debit cards.（分数：2.50）(7).Big banks have been reluctant to switch to more secure technology because of t
29、he higher costs involved.（分数：2.50）(8).The potential liability for retailers using magstripe is far more costly than upgrading their registers.（分数：2.50）(9).The use of magstripe cards by American retailers leaves consumers exposed to the risks of losing account information.（分数：2.50）(10).Consumers will
30、 be a driving force behind the conversion from magstripe to EMV technology.（分数：2.50）三、Part Translation(总题数：10，分数：539.50)1.中国象棋(Xiangqi)起源于春秋和战国时期(the Spring and Autumn and the Warring States Periods)，在当时就曾有过关于象棋游戏的记录。中国象棋是由两个玩家来玩的棋盘游戏。早期象棋由三部分组成：棋子、骰子(dice)和棋板。象棋由象牙(ivory)雕刻而成，每个玩家有六个棋子，在游戏开始之前，这两名玩
31、家会先投骰子。现代中国象棋没有骰子，同它的前身在棋子数量和棋板上都有不同。现如今，中国象棋已传播到了世界各地，它传承着中国传统文化。 （分数：14.00）_2.丝绸之路公元前 2 世纪，中国就开始开辟通往西域的丝绸之路。汉代 使节 (envoy)张骞于公元前 138 年和 119 年两次出使西域。西汉时期，中国的商船队就到达了印度和 斯里兰卡 (Sri Lanka)，用中国的丝绸换取了 琉璃 (colored glaze)、珍珠等物品。唐代是中国历史上对外交流的活跃期。据史料记载，与唐代通使交好的国家多达 70 多个，那时候的首都长安云集了来自各国的使臣、商人和留学生。这种大交流使中华文化远播
32、世界，也促进了各国文化和物产传入中国。 （分数：20.00）_3.筷子筷子由两根长短相同的木棍组成，是中国的传统 餐具 (eating utensil)。筷子出现在三千多年前，它的出现不仅是中国烹饪文化的变革，也是人类文明的标志。此外，筷子在烹饪技巧的发展过程中也起着推动作用。如今，筷子不仅是一种餐具，还成为一种独特的文化形式，对于我们来说，筷子可以作为艺术品来欣赏、研究和收藏。筷子虽小，但仍被世界上许多人所推崇。一项有趣的实验表明，当你在使用筷子的时候，许多关节和肌肉都会得到锻炼。 （分数：20.00）_4.尊师重教是中国历来的传统。自古以来，中国人民一直重视教育。教育在中国备受尊敬。因此有
33、学之士具有较高的社会地位，受到他人敬仰。对教育的重视决定了老师的地位，很多谚语体现了对老师的尊重，如：“一日为师，终生为父。”长期以来，老师得到了民众和帝王的敬重，清朝许多皇帝在北京的 夫子庙 (the temple of Confucius)写下了 碑文 (inscription)感谢孔子。在中国，教师受到的尊敬体现在生活的各个方面。老师常被称为“先生”或“ 导师 ”(mentor)，9 月 10 日为每年的教师节。 （分数：106.50）_5.中医中药在中国已经应用了几千年。已经证实其无论是在治病和防病上，还是在养生上，都 有显著的效果。西医未传入中国之前，我们的祖祖辈辈都用中医中药来治疗
34、疾病。中药学作为一 个体系，是目前世界上保留最完整的传统医学，而其在整个历史进程中也一直随着临床条件的变 化在不断地发展完善。中医医药以其系统的医疗方法和临床效果，几个世纪以来对东方的医学理 论和实践产生了巨大的影响，近些年来在西方也得到了迅速普及。 （分数：106.50）_6.文化需求是旅游的动因，旅游实际上是文化的享受和体验。出行旅游是物质需求，但本质上是精神文化需求。在旅游活动中，人们参观历史古迹，体察地方风土人情，游览名山大川，时刻都在触摸文化 脉搏 (pulse)，感知文化神韵，汲取文化 营养 (nourishment)。根据旅游机构进行的调查，旅游者出行最大的动机是获得 审美 (a
35、esthetic)享受和精神愉悦。作为一种综合性、高品位的文化活动，旅游的文化意义不言而喻。 （分数：106.00）_7.唐代文化是中国文化的一个高峰。尤其是古典诗歌到唐代发展到全盛时期。在唐代 300 余年的历史中，产生的流传于后世的诗歌就有 48,900 多首。如此丰富的作品也使 2,300 多位诗人在历史上留下了他们的名字。唐诗在创作方法上，现实主义与浪漫主义并举。唐代最著名的诗人是李白和杜甫，他们都是具有世界声誉的诗人，后人将他们合称为“李杜”。 （分数：20.00）_8.中国将努力确保到 2015 年就业者接受过平均 13.3 年的教育。如果这一目标得以实现，今后大部分进入劳动力市场
36、的人都须获得大学文凭。 在未来几年，中国将着力增加职业学院的招生人数：除了关注高等教育外，还将寻找新的突破以确保教育制度更加公平。中国正在努力最佳地利用教育资源，这样农村和欠发达地区将获得更多的支持。 教育部还决定改善欠发达地区学生的营养，并为外来务工人员的子女提供在城市接受教育的同等机会。 （分数：106.50）_9.秧歌舞 (Yangko dance)是中国汉族的一种传统民间舞蹈，通常在北方省份表演。秧歌舞者通常穿上明亮多彩的表演服装，他们的表演动作迅速有力。在农历春节、元宵节等节日期间，人们一旦听到锣鼓声，不管外面天气有多冷，他们都会蜂拥到街上观看秧歌舞表演。近年来，中国东北某些城市的老
37、年人自发组织了秧歌队，队员常年通过跳舞来保持健康，同时他们也乐在其中。 （分数：20.00）_10.中国茶文化中国人喝茶的历史据说已经超过了四千年。茶叶是由中国的传统方法加工而成的。很多中国人一天里，甚至吃饭的时候，都喝茶来替代白水。依据一个流行的传说，茶是由中国的神农皇帝发现的，当时一片灌木丛的叶子掉到了神农皇帝正在烧的水里，他发现叶子在水里散发(emanate)出一种香气，于是便品尝了一下。就这样，一种饮品(beverage)便诞生了。茶深深地交织于中国的历史和文化中。它被认为和柴、米、油、盐、酱油(soy sauce)、醋一样，是中国人生活中的七种必需品之一。 （分数：20.00）_大学
38、英语六级分类模拟题 440 答案解析(总分：564.50，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Reading Compr(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Section B(总题数：1，分数：25.00)Plastic SurgeryA better credit card is the solution to ever larger hack attacksA. A thin magnetic stripe(magstripe)is all that stands between your credit-card information and the bad guys. And they“
39、ve been working hard to break in. That“s why 2014 is shaping up as a major showdown: banks, law enforcement and technology companies are all trying to stop a network of hackers who are succeeding in stealing account numbers, names, email addresses and other crucial data used in identity theft. More
40、than 100 million accounts at Target, Neiman Marcus and Michaels stores were affected in some way during the most recent attacks, starting last November. B. Swipe(刷卡)is the operative word: cards are increasingly vulnerable to attacks when you make purchases in a store. In several recent incidents, ha
41、ckers have been able to obtain massive information of credit-, debit-(借记)or prepaid-card numbers using malware, i.e. malicious soft-ware, inserted secretly into the retailers“ point-of-sale systemthe checkout registers. Hackers then sold the data to a second group of criminals operating in shadowy c
42、orners of the web. Not long after, the stolen data was showing up on fake cards and being used for online purchases. C. The solution could cost as little as $2 extra for every piece of plastic issued. The fix is a security technology used heavily outside the U. S. While American credit cards use the
43、 40-year-old magstripe technology to process transactions, much of the rest of the world uses smarter cards with a technology called EMV(short for Europay, MasterCard, Visa)that employs a chip embedded in the card plus a customer PIN( personal identification number)to authenticate(验证)every transacti
44、on on the spot. If a purchaser fails to punch in the correct PIN at the checkout, the transaction gets rejected. (Online purchases can be made by setting up a separate transaction code.) D. Why haven“t big banks adopted the more secure technology? When it comes to mailing out new credit cards, it“s
45、all about relative costs, says David Robertson, who runs the Nilson Report, an industry newsletter. “The cost of the card, putting the sticker on it, coding the account number and expiration date, embossing(凸印)it, the small envelopeall put together, you“re in the dollar range.“ A chip-and-PIN card c
46、urrently costs closer to $3, says Robertson, because of the price of chips. (Once large issuers convert together, the chip costs should drop.) E. Multiply $3 by the more than 5 billion magstripe credit and prepaid cards in circulation in the U. S. Then consider that there“s an estimated $12.4 billion in card fraud on a global basis, says Robertson. With 44% of that in the U. S. American credit-card fraud amounts to about $5.5 billion annually. Card issuers have so far calculated that absorbing the liability for even big hacks like the Target one is still cheaper than replacing all tha
