1、大学英语六级分类模拟题 438 及答案解析(总分：257.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Reading Compr(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Section B(总题数：1，分数：71.00)Trust Me, I“m a RobotA With robots now emerging from their industrial cages and moving into homes and workplaces, roboticists are concerned about the safety implications beyond the factory floor.
2、 To address these concerns, leading robot experts have come together to try to find ways to prevent robots from harming people. Inspired by the Pugwash Conferencesan international group of scientists, academics and activists founded in 1957 to campaign for the non-proliferation of nuclear weaponsthe
3、 new group of roboethicists met earlier this year in Genoa, Italy, and announced their initial findings in March at the European Robotics Symposium in Palermo, Sicily. B “Security and safety are the big concerns,“ says Henrik Christensen, chairman of the European Robotics Network at the Swedish Roya
4、l Institute of Technology in Stockholm. Should robots that are strong enough or heavy enough to crush people be allowed into homes? Is “system malfunction“ a justifiable defence for a robotic fighter plane that contravenes (违反) the Geneva Convention and mistakenly fires on innocent civilians? C “The
5、se questions may seem hard to understand but in the next few years they will become increasingly relevant,“ says Dr. Christensen. According to the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe“s World Robotics Survey, in 2002 the number of domestic and service robots more than tripled, nearly surpas
6、sing their industrial counterparts. By the end of 2003 there were more than 600000 robot vacuum cleaners and lawn mowersa figure predicted to rise to more than 4m by the end of next year. Japanese industrial firms are racing to build humanoid robots to act as domestic helpers for the elderly, and So
7、uth Korea has set a goal that 100% of households should have domestic robots by 2020. In light of all this, it is crucial that we start to think about safety guidelines now, says Dr. Christensen. Stop right there D So what exactly is being done to protect us from these mechanical menaces? “Not enoug
8、h,“ says Blay Whitby. This is hardly surprising given that the field of “safety-critical computing“ is barely a decade old, he says. But things are changing, and researchers are increasingly taking an interest in trying to make robots safer. One approach, which sounds simple enough, is try to progra
9、m them to avoid contact with people altogether. But this is much harder than it sounds. Getting a robot to navigate across a cluttered room is difficult enough without having to take into account what its various limbs or appendages might bump into along the way. E “Regulating the behaviour of robot
10、s is going to become more difficult in the future, since they will increasingly have self-learning mechanisms built into them,“ says Gianmarco Veruggio. “As a result, their behaviour will become impossible to predict fully,“ he says, “since they will not be behaving in predefined ways but will learn
11、 new behaviour as they go.“ F Then there is the question of unpredictable failures. What happens if a robot“s motors stop working, or it suffers a system failure just as it is performing heart surgery or handing you a cup of hot coffee? You can, of course, build in redundancy by adding backup system
12、s, says Hirochika Inoue. But this guarantees nothing, he says. “One hundred per cent safety is impossible through technology,“ says Dr. Inoue. This is because ultimately no matter how thorough you are, you cannot anticipate the unpredictable nature of human behaviour, he says. Or to put it another w
13、ay, no matter how sophisticated your robot is at avoiding people, people might not always manage to avoid it, and could end up tripping over it and falling down the stairs. Legal problems G In any case, says Dr. Inoue, the laws really just summarize commonsense principles that are already applied to
14、 the design of most modern appliances, both domestic and industrial. Every toaster, lawn mower and mobile phone is designed to minimize the risk of causing injuryyet people still manage to electrocute (电死) themselves, lose fingers or fall out of windows in an effort to get a better signal. At the ve
15、ry least, robots must meet the rigorous safety standards that cover existing products. The question is whether new, robot-specific rules are neededand, if so, what they should say. H “Making sure robots are safe will be critical,“ says Colin Angle of iRobot, which has sold over 2m “Roomba“ household
16、-vacuuming robots. But he argues that his firm“s robots are, in fact, much safer than some popular toys. “A radio-controlled car controlled by a six-year old is far more dangerous than a Roomba,“ he says. If you tread on a Roomba, it will not cause you to slip over; instead, a rubber pad on its base
17、 grips the floor and prevents it from moving. “Existing regulations will address much of the challenge,“ says Mr. Angle. “I“m not yet convinced that robots are sufficiently different that they deserve special treatment.“ I Robot safety is likely to surface in the civil coups as a matter of product l
18、iability. “When the first robot carpet-sweeper sucks up a baby, who will be to blame?“ asks John Hallam, a professor at the University of Southern Denmark in Odense. If a robot is autonomous and capable of learning, can its designer be held responsible for all its actions? Today the answer to these
19、questions is generally “yes“. But as robots grow in complexity it will become a lot less clear cut, he says. J “Right now, no insurance company is prepared to insure robots,“ says Dr. Inoue. But that will have to change, he says. Last month, Japan“s Ministry of Trade and Industry announced a set of
20、safety guidelines for home and office robots. They will be required to have sensors to help them avoid collisions with humans; to be made from soft and light materials to minimize harm if a collision does occur; and to have an emergency shut-off button. This was largely prompted by a big robot exhib
21、ition held last summer, which made the authorities realize that there are safety implications when thousands of people are not just looking at robots, but mingling with them, says Dr. Inoue. K However, the idea that general-purpose robots, capable of learning, will become widespread is wrong, sugges
22、ts Mr. Angle. It is more likely, he believes, that robots will be relatively dumb machines designed for particular tasks. Rather than a humanoid robot maid, “it“s going to be a heterogeneous (不同种类的) swarm of robots that will take care of the house,“ he says.（分数：71.00）(1).It is pointed out there is n
23、o absolute safety through technology due to the unpredictable nature of human behavior.（分数：7.10）(2).It sounds easier said than done to program robots to avoid contact with people.（分数：7.10）(3).According to a survey, the number of domestic and service robots was three times over that of industrial rob
24、ots in 2002.（分数：7.10）(4).To deal with the rising safety concern about domestic robots, robo-ethicists held meetings in Genoa.（分数：7.10）(5).To a great extent, a robot exhibition contributed to the issue of safety guidelines for home and office robots in Japan.（分数：7.10）(6).A crew member from iRobot bel
25、ieves the existing regulations can cope with much challenges so robots are not so different as to be treated specially.（分数：7.10）(7).A university professor points out that the complexity of robots may result in the ambiguous product liability.（分数：7.10）(8).It will be more difficult to regulate robots“
26、 behavior due to their self-learning mechanisms.（分数：7.10）(9).Right now, the laws can only summarize commonsense principles so as to reduce the chance of injury caused by robots.（分数：7.10）(10).Japanese firms are competing in the production of robots specifically helping the old people.（分数：7.10）三、Part
27、Translation(总题数：10，分数：186.00)1.团购团购(group purchasing)是指个人或企业联合起来，以实现购买商品和服务时获得折扣的一种购物方式。这种联合采购概念实际上是将多位买家的购买力聚在一处，以整体采购量来说服服务供应商给参与团购的每位买家以优惠的价格，而不计较每个人的实际购买量。小型零售商经常使用这种方法来降低进货成本，以此来与国内和国际上的大型零售商进行竞争。随着中国电子商务的繁荣发展，近几年来，网络团购在中国网民(netizens)中流行起来。 （分数：20.00）_2.元宵节元宵夜观花灯的习俗开始于两千多年前的西汉时期，慢慢地演变成民间最盛大的灯节。
28、在元宵节当夜，天上明月高照，地上彩灯万盏。人们出来逛街，边观赏边品评，看谁的灯华丽、别致。各地的能工巧匠在这方面表现出惊人的聪明才智，令人叹为观止。全国各地的灯会往往都有鲜明的地方特色和独特的艺术风格。在北方，传统习俗与现代科技相结合发展成为冰灯节(the Ice Lantern Festival)。天然冰雪与灯光色彩巧妙结合，形成一个绚丽的冰雪天堂。 （分数：20.00）_3.北京烤鸭是自封建帝王时代就在北京城流行的著名菜肴，如今它被认为是中国的一道国莱。这道菜以它薄而脆的酥皮，以及厨师们在客人面前片鸭子的真实情形而著称。专门用于制作烤鸭的鸭子在养殖 65 天后就被屠宰了，鸭子在烤制前要先用
29、调料 腌制 (season)，然后才送进焖炉或者挂炉。鸭肉通常配上 葱 (scallion)、黄瓜和甜面酱，用薄饼卷着食用。 （分数：20.00）_4.唐代是中国古典诗歌的鼎盛时期，在不到 300 年的时间里，产生了许多著名的诗人和诗作。时至今日，有超过 5 万首唐诗和 2,000 多位唐代诗人为人们所熟知。其中，唐代最著名的诗人是李白和杜甫。李白生性无拘无束，才华横溢，他创作了大量赞美祖国大好河山的诗篇。杜甫年轻时坎坷的生活经历，使他更好地了解了社会的黑暗和人民的困苦。最流行的唐诗作品集或许是由清朝的学者孙洙编著的唐诗三百首(300 Tang Poems)。唐诗一直在影响着世界文学和现代诗歌
30、。 （分数：16.00）_5.歌谣 (ballads)跟口头流传的神话，远在文字出现之前就已大量产生。中国的文学正是发端于此。不过歌谣本是人们在生活中 随兴而发的 (improvised)东西，上古时代也没有保存和记载它们的手段，因之也就很快驾灭，不留痕迹。如今，我们只能从一些古书中推断它们的存在。古书中记载了一些据称年代非常久远的歌谣，但是大多出于后人的 伪托 (derivatives)，能够断定朝代的歌谣要到 诗经 ( the Book of Songs )里才能看见。从这点来看，古代神话对中国文学的影响更为显著。 （分数：10.00）_6.吸 烟吸烟对人的危害很大，其严重性是不可低估的。
31、吸烟污染空气，损害健康，使一些呼吸(respiratory)相关疾病的发病率大大增加。为了使各国人民关注烟草的盛行及预防吸烟导致的疾病和死亡，世界卫生组织已将每年的 5 月 31 日定为“世界无烟日”。吸烟者只要真正意识到吸烟有百害而无一利，于人于己都是一种祸害，就有可能下决心摆脱烟草的诱惑。 （分数：20.00）_7.印玺印玺(seal)在我国是一个相对独立的传统艺术形式。它的诞生源于多种艺术的结合，包括绘画技巧、书法(calligraphy)、雕刻以及在有限的空间进行排列的艺术。印玺艺术可以追溯到大约 3700 年前的商朝。起初的时候，印章被用来在送给他人的信件或是大件物品上创建防护标志。
32、所以，它是一个人身份和地位的象征。大概自宋朝和元朝起，艺术家们开始在他们的作品上盖上自己的章。现在，印章仍然被广泛使用，但手工雕刻的印章已经越来越少见了。 （分数：20.00）_8.网上购物网上购物是一种普遍的趋势，它具有很多优点。略举几例，如方便，实惠，安全性并不比商场购物或邮购低。消费者有大量的选择，货物触手可及。有时为了提高销量，卖家会提供一些商品的团购价，其质量与线下产品一样。但是，为了有一个愉快的网上购物体验，消费者要十分重视网购的安全问题。如查看交易条款，特别是附属细则(fine print)，了解退货条款和交货日期等。简言之，我们应该利用它的优点来为我们服务，与此同时尽量降低其不
33、利影响。 （分数：20.00）_9.投资环境中国正在努力改善其投资环境以吸引更多外资。迄今为止，中国的对外投资领域已从工业扩展到金融、 房地产 (real estate)、外贸及服务业。根据最新的调查，欧盟对中国的投资迅速上升，然而来自美国的实际投资却有所下降。东南亚依旧是重要的投资来源，并且投资结构已经有所改善。外国投资者对高科技领域及 研发中心 (R instead, a rubber pad on its base grips the floor and prevents it from moving. “Existing regulations will address much of
34、 the challenge,“ says Mr. Angle. “I“m not yet convinced that robots are sufficiently different that they deserve special treatment.“ I Robot safety is likely to surface in the civil coups as a matter of product liability. “When the first robot carpet-sweeper sucks up a baby, who will be to blame?“ a
35、sks John Hallam, a professor at the University of Southern Denmark in Odense. If a robot is autonomous and capable of learning, can its designer be held responsible for all its actions? Today the answer to these questions is generally “yes“. But as robots grow in complexity it will become a lot less
36、 clear cut, he says. J “Right now, no insurance company is prepared to insure robots,“ says Dr. Inoue. But that will have to change, he says. Last month, Japan“s Ministry of Trade and Industry announced a set of safety guidelines for home and office robots. They will be required to have sensors to h
37、elp them avoid collisions with humans; to be made from soft and light materials to minimize harm if a collision does occur; and to have an emergency shut-off button. This was largely prompted by a big robot exhibition held last summer, which made the authorities realize that there are safety implica
38、tions when thousands of people are not just looking at robots, but mingling with them, says Dr. Inoue. K However, the idea that general-purpose robots, capable of learning, will become widespread is wrong, suggests Mr. Angle. It is more likely, he believes, that robots will be relatively dumb machin
39、es designed for particular tasks. Rather than a humanoid robot maid, “it“s going to be a heterogeneous (不同种类的) swarm of robots that will take care of the house,“ he says.（分数：71.00）(1).It is pointed out there is no absolute safety through technology due to the unpredictable nature of human behavior.（
40、分数：7.10）解析：F解析 根据题目中 unpredictable nature of human behavior 定位至 F 段。该段后半部分提到井上广近博士的观点：靠技术保证百分之百的安全是不可能的，因为无论如何事无巨细地准备，人类的行为本身就是不可预测的。本题句子是对该段倒数第 2、3 句的概括。题目中的 absolute 对应原文的 one hundred per cent。(2).It sounds easier said than done to program robots to avoid contact with people.（分数：7.10）解析：D解析 根据题目中的
41、 program 和 avoid contact with people 定位至 D 段。该段倒数第 2、3 句提到，通过程序设置使它们完全避免与人接触的方法听起来十分简单，但做起来困难。题目中的 sounds easier said than done 是对原文 this is much harder than it sounds 的同义替换。(3).According to a survey, the number of domestic and service robots was three times over that of industrial robots in 2002.（分
42、数：7.10）解析：C解析 根据题目中的 survey 和 in 2002 定位至 C 段。该段通过列举数字说明家用和服务用机器人数量的增长。本题句子信息出现在该段中，three times 与原文中 tripled 对应。(4).To deal with the rising safety concern about domestic robots, robo-ethicists held meetings in Genoa.（分数：7.10）解析：A解析 根据题目中的 robo-ethicists 和 in Genoa 定位至 A 段。该段提到，随着机器人进人家庭和工作场所，专家们开始担心
43、其安全隐患，机器人伦理学家团体今年早些时候在意大利热那亚举行了集会。本题句子是对此的概括。(5).To a great extent, a robot exhibition contributed to the issue of safety guidelines for home and office robots in Japan.（分数：7.10）解析：J解析 根据题目中的 robot exhibition、safety guidelines 和 Japan 定位至 J 段。本题句子是对该段第 3 句和末句内容的概括。文中提到，日本工贸部颁布了一套家庭和办公室机器人安全准则，这套准则的颁
44、布很大程度上是受到去年夏天举办的一场大型机器人展览的启发。题目中的 issue 是原文announced 的近义表达，to a great extent 对应原文 largely。(6).A crew member from iRobot believes the existing regulations can cope with much challenges so robots are not so different as to be treated specially.（分数：7.10）解析：H解析 根据题目中的 iRobot、existing regulations 和 chall
45、enges 定位至 H 段。最后两句提到iRobot 公司的科林安格认为，现行的安全规则可以应付大部分情况，机器人没有不一样到需要特别对待。本题句子的 cope with 与原文 address 对应，be treated specially 与 deserve special treatment对应。(7).A university professor points out that the complexity of robots may result in the ambiguous product liability.（分数：7.10）解析：I解析 根据题目中的 university：
46、professor、complexity 和 product liability 定位至 I 段。该段开头提出机器人可能引发的产品责任应由谁来负，最后一句指出随着机器人变得越来越复杂，答案就不那么明确了。题目信息出自本段，ambiguous 是原文 less clear cut 的近似表达。(8).It will be more difficult to regulate robots“ behavior due to their self-learning mechanisms.（分数：7.10）解析：E解析 根据题目中的 more difficult to regulate 和 self-
47、learning mechanisms 定位至 E 段。首句提到了吉安马科维卢乔的观点：由于机器人会逐渐被植入自我学习机制，控制和规范它们的行为将变得更加困难。本题句子包含了原文的信息，题目中的 due to 对应原文 since。(9).Right now, the laws can only summarize commonsense principles so as to reduce the chance of injury caused by robots.（分数：7.10）解析：G解析 根据题目中的 laws 和 summarize commonsense principles 定位至第二个小标题下 G 段。该段第 1、2 句提到，法律上仅概括出常识性的原理，这些原理已应用到电器设计中，以便将造成伤害的危险性降到最低。倒数第 2 句提到，机器人必须要达到现有产品的那些严格的安全标准，即机器人也必须要达到法律上概括出的常识性原理的要
