1、大学英语六级（2013 年 12 月考试改革适用）-试卷 199 及答案解析(总分：118.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Writing(总题数：2，分数：4.00)1.Part I Writing（分数：2.00）_2.For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay commenting on Mark Twains remark “I can live for two months on a good compliment. “ You can cite examples to illustrate your poi
2、nt of view. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.（分数：2.00）_二、Listening Comprehens(总题数：11，分数：50.00)3.Part II Listening Comprehension_4.Section A_A.Australia.B.America.C.Britain.D.Austria.A.Approving.B.Disapproving.C.Cautious.D.Uncertain.A.Give up his right to vote.B.Vote ran
3、domly.C.Support one party firmly.D.Take politics seriously.A.When they are in a hurry.B.When they are forced to vote.C.When they dislike all the listed parties.D.When they dont want to waste their votes.A.To attend the orientation.B.To meet his professor.C.To find some books.D.To use the computer.A.
4、The name of the author.B.His student ID.C.The title of the book.D.His whereabouts.A.On the second floor of the west wing.B.On the second floor of the east wing.C.On the first floor of the west wing.D.On the first floor of the east wing.A.Because the professor may need them from time to time.B.Becaus
5、e they are very precious and valuable.C.Because the professor hopes they are available to all the students.D.Because they are already reserved by some students.5.Section B_A.She performed acting roles for TV shows.B.She sang for a local music group.C.She released her first music album.D.She joined a
6、 music tour of America.A.Best-selling Female Artist.B.Queen of Pop.C.MTV Video Music Awards.D.The Star of Hollywood.A.She divorced her husband.B.She won a Grammy Award.C.She was engaged and married.D.She released her comeback album.A.It has the highest water cleanliness standard in Europe.B.It has t
7、he best natural swimming pool in Europe.C.It has the best purification specialist in Europe.D.It has the cleanest river in Europe.A.Whether the water is clean enough.B.If it can be used in various weather conditions.C.If it will lead to less visitors.D.Whether the river traffic will be affected.A.To
8、 separate the changing rooms from the pool.B.To provide a path to the swimming area.C.To make the pool shallow enough for children.D.To protect people from waves caused by river traffic.A.Environment agencies.B.The city of London.C.The state government.D.Public donation.6.Section C_A.The US governme
9、nts monthly employment report.B.The US governments monthly tax report.C.The US governments monthly budget report.D.The US governments monthly deficit report.A.Its entirely the fault of Europes leaders.B.Its entirely the fault of the US politicians.C.Its not entirely the fault of Europes leaders.D.It
10、s not entirely the fault of the US politicians.A.Introducing tax incentives for businesses.B.Cutting budgets on medicare.C.Pumping more dollars into the economy.D.Coming to an agreement on a deficit cutting plan.A.Living in areas with noise pollution.B.Living in areas with light pollution.C.Living i
11、n areas with water pollution.D.Living in areas with air pollution.A.Heart disease caused by high blood pressure.B.Health problems associated with pollution.C.Leading risk factors for heart disease.D.Blood-pressure lowering drugs.A.It usually happens in urban areas.B.It is known as a deadly disease f
12、or humans.C.It could be prevented in many cases.D.It can be cured in five to eight years.A.Slightly polluted areas.B.Heavily polluted areas.C.Urban areas.D.Rural areas.A.The impact of smoking lasts less than 30 years.B.Smoking has a long-term impact on our molecular machinery.C.Damages caused by smo
13、king can never be cured.D.Ailments are mainly caused by damage to the DNA.A.They checked the lungs of 16,000 people.B.They examined the heartbeats of 16,000 smokers.C.They measured the blood pressure of 16,000 smokers.D.They looked at blood samples from 16,000 people.A.The effects of smoking on thei
14、r DNA still exists.B.The damage to their DNA will be cured one year later.C.The function of their DNA has been changed.D.The chance of having cancer is still high.三、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：8，分数：60.00)7.Part III Reading Comprehension_8.Section A_When the job market worsens, many students figure they
15、 cant indulge(沉溺于)in an English or a history major. They have to study something that will lead 1to a job. So it is almost inevitable that over the next few years, as labor markets struggle, the humanities will continue their long 2. The labs are more glamorous(迷人的)than the libraries. However, let m
16、e stand up for the history, English and art classes, even in the face of todays economic realities. Studying the humanities improves your ability to read and write. You will have 3power if you are the person in the office who can write a clear and concise memo. Studying the humanities will give you
17、a familiarity with the language of emotion. In an information economy, many people have the ability to 4a technical innovation: a new MP3 player. Very few people have the ability to create a great brand: the iPod. Branding involves the location and arousal(觉醒，激励)of 5, and you cant do it unless you a
18、re conversant(精通的)in the language of romance. Finally, and most importantly, studying the humanities helps you 6“The Big Shaggy“. Over the past century or so, people have built 7systems to help them understand human behavior: economics, political science, game theory and evolutionary psychology. But
19、 none completely explain behavior because deep down people have passions and 8that dont lend themselves to systemic modeling. They have yearnings and fears that 9in an inner beast you could call “ The Big Shaggy“. If youre 10about “ The Big Shaggy“ , youll probably get eaten by it.A)affection I)enor
20、mousB)aware J)murderC)befriend K)observeD)blindly L)produceE)directly M)senseF)drives N)slideG)dumb O)various H)dwell（分数：20.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_10.Section B_Why Depression Needs a New DefinitionAMany psychiatrists believe that a new approach to di
21、agnosing and treating depressionlinking individual symptoms to their underlying mechanismsis needed for research to move forward. In his Aphorisms, Hippocrates defined melancholia(忧郁症), an early understanding of depression, as a state of “fears and losing courage, if they last a long time. “ It was
22、caused, he believed, by an excess of bile(胆汁)in the body(the word “melancholia“ is ancient Greek for “black bile“).BEver since then, doctors have struggled to create a more precise and accurate definition of the illness that still isnt well understood. In the 1920s, the German psychiatrist Kurt Schn
23、eider argued that depression could be divided into two separate conditions, each requiring a different form of treatment: depression that resulted from changes in mood, which he called “inner depression“ , and depression resulting from reactions to outside events, or “ reactive depression“. His theo
24、ry was challenged in 1926, when the British psychologist Edward Mapother argued in the British Medical Journal that there was no evidence for two distinct types of depression, and that the apparent differences between depression patients were just differences in the severity of the condition.CToday,
25、 Schneiders subtypes have largely fallen out of favor, but over the years, many more definitions were offered in their place. In 1969, the American psychologist Rollo May wrote in his book Love and Will that “ depression is the inability to construct a future,“ while the cognitive psychologist Alber
26、t Ellis argued in 1987 that depression, unlike “appropriate sadness“ , stemmed from “irrational beliefs“ that left sufferers ill-equipped to deal with even mild setbacks.DIn 1952, the American Psychiatric Association tried to standardize the definitions of mental illnesses, including depression, by
27、creating a taxonomy(分类法)of mental illnesses. In the first edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, depression was listed under the broad category of “ disorders without clearly defined physical cause“. The DSM-III, published in 1980, was the APAs first attempt to clarify the definitions of
28、specific disorders by listing their symptoms: the new edition included guidelines for differentiating depression from other disorders, and outlined eight symptoms of depression, included “poor appetite or significant weight loss“ and “complaints or evidence of diminished ability to think or concentr
29、ate“. If an adult met four of the eight symptoms, the manual counseled, he or she would meet the criteria for clinical depression. In the DSM-V, published in 2013, depressive disorders were finally allocated their own chapter. The diagnostic criteria were mostly unchanged, with the exception of one
30、additional symptom: “ Depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day, as indicated by either subjective report(e. g. , feels sad or empty)or observation made by others(e. g. , appears tearful). “ESome scientists believe that the DSM-V definition is still too vague. As the psychiatrist Daniel Goldb
31、erg noted in the journal World Psychiatry in 2011, many of the DSM symptoms are opposites, which can make it difficult for researchers working to develop a more precise understanding of the condition. “ A patient who has psychomotor retardation(精神运动性阻滞), hypersomnia(嗜睡), and gaining weight is scored
32、 as having identical symptoms as another who is agitated, sleeping badly, and has weight loss,“ Goldberg wrote.FMany recent studies have verified Goldbergs concerns. In 2000, for example, a group of researchers at Johns Hopkins University attempted to identify subtypes of depression by studying the
33、symptoms of nearly 2,000 patients. However, the researchers were unable to find much of a pattern connecting gender, family history, symptoms, and the degree of the condition(mild to severe). “Depression is of different kind,“ they concluded, adding that “the severity of an episode appears to be mor
34、e informative than the pattern of symptoms. “ And in 2010, researchers in Germany testing the validity of the DSM-IV definition found that the criteria captured a huge population of patients with “widely varying associations with the pattern of co-morbidity(共病), personality traits, features of the d
35、epressive episode and demographic characteristics. “ The results, they argued, “challenge our understanding of major depression as a similar categorical entity. “GPart of the problem, said Scott Monroe, a professor of psychology at the University of Notre Dame, is that in medical term, depression is
36、 considered a syndrome rather than a disease. While a disease is a specific condition characterized by a common underlying cause and consistent physical traits, a syndrome is a collection of signs and symptoms known to frequently appear together, but without a single known cause. In a paper publishe
37、d in June in the journal Current Directions in Psychological Science, Monroe called for scientists to begin defining depression with more precision. “ It is in this vague and imprecise realm that problems can arise,“ he wrote, “ and vague insights based on imperfect similarities and differences even
38、tually may prove to be clear oversights. “HPart of the reason that scientists are still working in the “vague and imprecise realm“ , as Monroe put it, is because they still dont have a clear answer for what causes depression. In the 1960s, the dominant hypothesis was that it stemmed from a chemical
39、imbalance in the brain, specifically from lower levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin(血清素). As a result, drug companies poured resources into developing “selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors“(SSRIs), drugs that increased the amount of serotonin in the brain. SSRIs are still the most commonly p
40、rescribed type of antidepressantdespite the fact that research has shown that lower levels of serotonin do not necessarily cause depression for all individuals. And in 2010, a review of three decades worth of studies on antidepressants found that while SSRIs can be helpful for severely depressed peo
41、ple, their effectiveness “may be minimal or nonexistent“ in those with mild or moderate depression.IBruce Cuthbert, the director of adult translational(平动)research and treatment development at the National Institute of Mental Health(NIMH), thinks that part of the problem is that researchers have lar
42、gely focused their attention on finding a one-size-fits-all treatment that doesnt exist. “When you do a clinical trial, youre getting a bunch of people who are depressed , but theyre actually very different,“ he said. “ Its like comparing apples, pears, and oranges. Youre not going to see a signific
43、ant effect. Youre not going to be able to say, This treatment works for fruits. “ Trying to create a singular treatment for depression, Cuthbert said, is like trying to create one for cancer: too unspecific to actually be helpful. “Our current diagnostic system is running out of steam for research.
44、“ “While DSM has been described as a Bible for the field, it is, at best, a dictionary, creating a set of labels and defining each,“ the NIMH director Tom Insel wrote in 2013.JIn 2010, Insel invited Cuthbert, who was then working as a psychology professor at the University of Minnesota, to help the
45、NIMH develop a new framework for defining mental illness. The result, unveiled in 2013, was the Research Domain Criteria(RDoC), a system created to flip the way researchers think about mental disorders. Unlike the DSM, RDoC isnt organized by disorder: instead, its organized around specific symptoms,
46、 like fear, anhedonia(the inability to feel pleasure), and willingness or unwillingness to work. The system also lists the genes, neural circuits, physical response, and self-reported behavior associated with each symptom.KThe theory behind this RDoC system is that treating a specific symptom will produce better results than treating a broad category of illness. Many depression patients exhibit anhedonia, for example, but many others dont. But if researchers
