1、大学英语六级（2013 年 12月考试改革适用）-试卷 195及答案解析(总分：118.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Writing(总题数：2，分数：4.00)1.Part I Writing（分数：2.00）_2.For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay. You should start your essay with a brief description of the picture and then express your view on the way to show our love f
2、or our parents in return. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words. （分数：2.00）_二、Listening Comprehens(总题数：11，分数：50.00)3.Part II Listening Comprehension_4.Section A_A.The same child at different time and different locations.B.Different children at the same time and the same locat
3、ion.C.The same child at the same time and the same location.D.Different children at different time and different locations.A.Make a presentation after handing in the paper.B.Study the notes and find out what kind of behavior is influenced by the environment.C.Study the notes and find published theor
4、ies for the presentation.D.Write a paper directly in accordance with the observations.A.Its for the presentation.B.Its for the paper.C.Its for the observations.D.Its for the conclusion.A.Ignore the presentation.B.Divide the assignment.C.Omit some chapters.D.Listen more carefully.A.Charles Darwin.B.P
5、atrick Matthew.C.Alfred Russel Wallace.D.Matthew Wallace.A.Look it up in her textbook.B.Search on the Internet.C.Ask her professor for help.D.Go to the library.A.A clever clog knows everything in the world.B.All the living creatures have the same ancestor.C.Species can change into other species thro
6、ugh natural selection.D.Ideas are transformative and can be united.A.Some of them died out because they couldnt adapt to their environment.B.They reproduced in large numbers to keep the species survive.C.Some of them developed the ability to change their surroundings.D.They all evolved into other sp
7、ecies.5.Section B_A.Traffic jam.B.Bad weather.C.Truancy.D.Club activities.A.Pupils with musical talent.B.Pupils with high scores.C.Pupils having their homework done.D.Pupils with good attendance.A.Punishing students who damage school property.B.Rewarding schools that have decreased the destruction.C
8、.Promoting teachers who can prevent the destruction.D.Cutting the budget for repairs and replacements.A.Tiredness.B.Shallow breaths.C.Obesity.D.Snoring.A.Men with sleep apnea seldom showed brain problems.B.Women with sleep apnea were more likely to become depressed.C.Most cases of sleep apnea had be
9、en diagnosed officially.D.People with sleep apnea would become depressed sooner or later.A.The structure of a persons brain.B.The vessel surrounding the windpipe.C.The oversized tongue.D.The overweight body.A.Sleep apnea will necessarily lead to depression.B.Half of the people suffering sleep apnea
10、will become depressed.C.The relationship between sleep apnea and depression still needs further proof.D.There is no connection between sleep apnea and depression.6.Section C_A.The military sector.B.The IT sector.C.The housing sector.D.The financial sector.A.Because she stopped working after she was
11、hurt.B.Because she failed to make some of her mortgage payments.C.Because she failed to convince officials she was entitled to a pension.D.Because she failed to pass doctors exams.A.Foreclosure.B.Unemployment.C.Home values.D.Housing demands.A.Carbon dioxide emissions.B.El Nino event.C.Air pollution.
12、D.Climate change.A.Exhaust emissions from cars and other vehicles.B.The increasing population and the decreasing green vegetation.C.The chemical reaction between methane and nitrous oxide.D.The burning of fossil fuels and other human activity.A.Because CO 2 accounts for 65 percent of climate change.
13、B.Because the level of CO 2 emissions has reached a record high.C.Because the lifetime of CO 2 is very long.D.Because CO 2 is a main greenhouse gas.A.The climate can be improved through concrete action.B.The climate can be improved through political will.C.The climate can be improved due to the Pari
14、s Climate agreement.D.The climate can be improved as emissions reductions are legally binding.A.Mild cognitive impairment can be cured by weight lifting.B.Increased muscle strength can improve brain function in older adults.C.People with cognitive impairment cannot lead normal lives.D.Cognitive trai
15、ning can improve brain function in those over the age of 55.A.Weight lifting sessions.B.Cognitive training sessions.C.Endurance running sessions.D.High jump sessions.A.If the increases in brain size are also related to the effect of brain training.B.If the increases in brain size are also related to
16、 the improvement of brain function.C.If the increases in muscle strength are also related to the improvement of brain function.D.If the increases in muscle strength are also related to increases in brain size.三、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：8，分数：60.00)7.Part III Reading Comprehension_8.Section A_Until re
17、cently, the medical community believed that most hearing loss was caused by hear cells in the ear degrading as we age. But evidence is emerging that sound levels at sporting events, concerts, nightclubs and on personal devices can cause lasting damage to the connections between hear cells in the ear
18、 and the nerves that 1sounds to the brain. Over 1.1 billion teenagers and young adults worldwide could be at risk of hearing loss as a result of 2to unsafe levels of recreational noise, according to a recent World Health Organization report. To make matters worse, this kind of hearing loss doesnt sh
19、ow up on 3tests. Researchers are calling it a hidden epidemic. “We think this problem is 4prevalent, but its difficult to measure because the tools we have available today are not sensitive enough,“ says Konstantina Stankovic, an auditory neuroscientist and surgeon at Massachusetts Eye and Ear, and
20、Harvard Medical School, in Boston. Stankovic is now working with colleagues at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne to develop imaging 5that would allow us to see this kind of neural damage in living brains. This could help with early diagnosis. Others are developing drugs that coul
21、d help 6the connections between the ear and the brain. To properly 7our ears, loud noises should be banned in many public places just as smoking is now, says Stankovic. Some countries have laws in place to protect 8in bars and clubs by monitoring noise levels. Last year, Minneapolis City Council mad
22、e it 9for bars and clubs to offer free ear buds to patrons. Stankovic thinks more will need to be done to change 10accepted norms around recreational noise. “ I think it will require a public health effort similar to the efforts for limiting smoking, because of the peer pressure associated with loud
23、 music and noisy environments,“ she says.A)compulsory I)sociallyB)condense J)standardC)exposure K)techniquesD)incredibly L)transmitE)independently M)treatF)protection N)uneasyG)restore O)workers H)safeguard（分数：20.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_10.Section B_S
24、elf-publishingATo a writer, self-publishing is an incredibly powerful and alluring concept. On the simplest level, its an intriguing solution to an age old problem: How do you get your words to a wide audience(ideally, while earning some money along the way)? On a more artistic level, it is a unique
25、 extension of the creative process. Beyond putting words on the page, the self-publisher actually controls every aspect of authoringhe or she creates the physical book and actively brings it to an audience. Its a uniquely harmonious and satisfying melding of art and business.Beginning the bookBIn mo
26、st cases, the first step in self-publishing is developing an idea for your book. You can self-publish almost anything you want, but if you want to make a profit, it helps to consider your book not just as a piece of art but also as a sellable product. What audience is interested in the subject and h
27、ow do you get their attention?CEverybody has an opinion on what sells, and we wont get into that too much hereits part of the individual creative process that self-publishers go through. The important point is that as a self-publisher, you have to consider sales just as a large publisher would. Step
28、 one is arriving at an approach to the book that will make it valuable to an audience. Among other things, that means seeing what similar books are out there, and seeing how theyve sold(checking Amazon rankings is a good place to start).DMoney isnt everything, of course. Few books are going to be bl
29、ockbusters(一鸣惊人者), and many self-publishers arent that concerned with making money at all. But even setting profit aside, it is essential that you have a business plan based on what you reasonably believe you can sell. To put it another way, theres no point in printing 10,000 books if books like you
30、rs typically take three years to sell 1,000 copies.What sort of book?EYou certainly dont need to know exactly how many pages your book is going to be before you even get started writing. But if you have a target, and you know what type of book youre creating, you can plan your budget accordingly. Th
31、e broad decision first: Do you want a hardback book or a trade paperback book? Hardback books are significantly more expensive to print, and because of the higher cover price, may sell less than a paperback book. But, for some booksa mammoth(巨大的)textbook, say hardback books are really the only way t
32、o go.FAfter youve made this decision, you can decide how many pages youll want. Think about the scope of what you have to say and look at the page count in books with similar content. But also think about what you want the book to feel like. Simply pick out a book that is about the same size and for
33、mat of what you have in mind.GWhen you find a good model to shoot for, count the number of words per page. Multiply that by the number of pages. Then subtract words for any “odd pages“the first and last pages of each chapter(these arent usually filled), any blank numbered pages and any pages at the
34、beginning and end of the book. This will give you a rough word count for the book. If you calculate how many words are on a page in your word processing program(or paper if you use a typewriter or if you write longhand), you can give yourself a target page count.HWhy does this matter? For one thing,
35、 you need to think about the psychology of a book-buyer. If youre looking to create a gift book paperback, you dont want a massive 500-page volume, because it may feel too much like a reference encyclopedia(百科全书). Its intended audience has more of a casual interest, so it should have a lighter feel.
36、 But if youre putting together a how-to guide, a 100-page book isnt going to seem like a good deal to your potential customer. Theyll pick the thicker book on the shelf next to yours, because it seems more substantial.IPrice also plays a role here. More pages cost more, and certain multiples of page
37、s are cheaper than others. Printing presses print a set number of pages in one passtypically 32 pages, front and back. This means its substantially cheaper to print a 320 page book than a 321 page book. This isnt something you have to figure out right away, but it should be a factor when you are lay
38、ing out the finished book.Creating contentJOnce you nail down what kind of book you want to end up with, you can get busy writing. The obvious way to go about this is to shut the door to the world, write whatever you want and worry about editing down the line. Show your friends and family when you w
39、ant to, but otherwise, do it however you like. You dont have a publisher to worry about, so you can really write however you want to.KTo many self-publishers, this doesnt work very wellits too unstructured, and they get lost without somebody to bounce ideas off. One solution is to hire a freelance(自
40、由职业者)developmental editor. A developmental editor serves the same basic function as the editor you would work with at a publishing houseyou can show them drafts and outlines, and they can make edits to improve the book. The difference of course is that what you say is the last word, rather than the
41、other way around. Ideally, the main thing they bring is expertise in book publishinga developmental editor should be somebody who knows how to build a good book.LThe price of a developmental editor goes in your total budget for the book. Depending on how you work, it may save you enough of your own
42、time to make it a worthwhile expense.SellingMWhen you finally reach your publish date, you have one basic job: Get people to buy your book. For individual book-buyers, this is pretty simple. They pay the cover price, you record the transaction and you ship or give them the books. But individual book
43、-buyers are the smallest piece of your customer base. Your major customers include independent bookstores, wholesalers who fill orders from many bookstores(They only buy what they need or expect they will need.), distributors who buy books to actively resell them to bookstores, exclusive distributor
44、s, who will handle everything involved in the selling of your book, in exchange for the exclusive right to distribute, and online booksellers.NTwo new factors enter the mix with these customersdiscounts and returns. To ensure a profit, booksellers always buy books well below the cover price, and mos
45、t reserve the option to return books they cannot sell. If the books are undamaged, you must refund the buyers money. Youll need a terms-and-conditions sheet that outlines, in detail, how youll operate your businesswhat kind of discounts you offer, how you handle returns, how you handle billing, etc.
46、 Your terms and conditions are up to you, but youll have to treat particular types of buyers a certain way in order to do business.OSelling is an ongoing process that can last for years. When you run through your first shipment, and theres still demand, you go to the printer for your next shipment. If your book really catches on, you may be able to land a good deal with a larger publisher who can push your sales to a higher level. Over the years,
