1、大学英语六级 95 及答案解析(总分：428.02，做题时间：132 分钟)一、Part I Writing (3(总题数：1，分数：30.00)1.For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Beijing Olympics Volunteers in My Eyes. You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below: 1奥运志愿者所需具备的素质 2为什么参加奥运志愿者活动 3志愿者工作需要付出，但
2、值得一做 Useful words and expressions: 志愿者：volunteer(n./v.) 申请：apply for，application(n.) 招募：recruit(v.)，recruitment(n.) （分数：30.00）_二、Part II Reading C(总题数：1，分数：71.00)Programming languages Programming languages are how people talk to computers. The computer would be just as happy speaking any language th
3、at was unambiguous. The reason we have high level languages is because people cant deal with machine language. The point of programming languages is to prevent our poor frail human brains from being overwhelmed by a mass of detail. Architects know that some kinds of design problems are more personal
4、 than others. One of the cleanest, most abstract design problems is designing bridges. There your job is largely a matter of spanning a given distance with the least material. The other end of the spectrum is designing chairs. Chair designers have to spend their time thinking about human bodies. Sof
5、tware varies in the same way. Designing algorithms (运算法则) for routing data through a network is a nice, abstract problem, like designing bridges. Whereas designing programming languages is like designing chairs: its all about dealing with human weaknesses. Most of us hate to acknowledge this. Design
6、ing systems of great mathematical elegance sounds a lot more appealing to most of us than pandering to human weaknesses. And there is a role for mathematical elegance: some kinds of elegance make programs easier to understand. But elegance is not an end in itself. And when I say languages have to be
7、 designed to suit human weaknesses, I dont mean that languages have to be designed for bad programmers. In fact I think you ought to design for the best programmers, but even the best programmers have limitations. I dont think anyone would like programming in a language where all the variables were
8、the letter x with integer subscripts. If you look at the history of programming languages, a lot of the best ones were languages designed for their own authors to use, and a lot of the worst ones were designed for other people to use. When languages are designed for other people, its always a specif
9、ic group of other people: people not as smart as the language designer. So you get a language that talks down to you. Cobol (计算机通用语言) is the most extreme case, but a lot of languages are pervaded by this spirit. It has nothing to do with how abstract the language is. C is pretty low-level, but it wa
10、s designed for its authors to use, and thats why hackers like it. The argument for designing languages for bad programmers is that there are more bad programmers than good programmers. That may be so. But those few good programmers write a disproportionately large percentage of the software. Im inte
11、rested in the question, how do you design a language that the very best hackers will like? I happen to think this is identical to the question, how do you design a good programming language? Give the Programmer as Much Control as Possible. Many languages (especially the ones designed for other peopl
12、e) have the attitude of a governess: they try to prevent you from doing things that they think arent good for you. I like the opposite approach: give the programmer as much control as you can. When I first learned Lisp (表处理语言), what I liked most about it was that it considered me an equal partner. I
13、n the other languages I had learned up till then, there was the language and there was my program, written in the language, and the two were very separate. But in Lisp the functions and macros I wrote were just like those that made up the language itself. I could rewrite the language if I wanted. It
14、 had the same appeal as open-source software. Aim for Brevity. Brevity is underestimated and even scorned. But if you look into the hearts of hackers, youll see that they really love it. How many times have you heard hackers speak fondly of how in, say, APL, they could do amazing things with just a
15、couple lines of code? I think anything that really smart people really love is worth paying attention to. I think almost anything you can do to make programs shorter is good. There should be lots of library functions; anything that can be implicit should be; the syntax (句法) should be simple; even th
16、e names of things should be short. And its not only programs that should be short. The manual should be thin as well. A good part of manuals (说明书) is taken up with clarifications and reservations and warnings and special cases. If you force yourself to shorten the manual, in the best case you do it
17、by fixing the things in the language that required so much explanation. Admit What Hacking Is. A lot of people wish that hacking was mathematics, or at least something like a natural science. I think hacking is more like architecture. Architecture is related to physics, in the sense that architects
18、have to design buildings that dont fall down, but the actual goal of architects is to make great buildings, not to make discoveries about statistics. What hackers like to do is make great programs. And I think, at least in our own minds, we have to remember that its an admirable thing to write great
19、 programs, even when this work doesnt translate easily into the conventional intellectual currency of research papers. Intellectually, it is just as worthwhile to design a language programmers will love as it is to design a horrible one that embodies some idea you can publish a paper about. How to O
20、rganize Big Libraries? Libraries are becoming an increasingly important component of programming languages. Theyre also getting bigger, and this can be dangerous. If it takes longer to find the library function that will do what you want than it would take to write it yourself, then all that code is
21、 doing nothing but make your manual thick. So I think we will have to work on ways to organize libraries. The ideal would be to design them so that the programmer could guess what library call would do the right thing. Are People Really Scared of Prefix Syntax? This is an open problem in the sense t
22、hat I have wondered about it for years and still dont know the answer. Prefix syntax seems perfectly natural to me, except possibly for math. But it could be that a lot of Lisps unpopularity is simply due to having an unfamiliar syntax. Whether to do anything about it, if it is true, is another ques
23、tion. What Do You Need for Server (服务器)-Based Software? I think a lot of the most exciting new applications that get written in the next twenty years will be Web-based applications, meaning programs that sit on the server and talk to you through a Web browser. And to write these kinds of programs we
24、 may need some new things. One thing well need is support for the new way that server-based applications get released. Instead of having one or two big releases a year, like desktop software, server-based applications get released as a series of small changes. You may have as many as five or ten rel
25、eases a day. And as a rule everyone will always use the latest version. You know how you can design programs to be debug gable (调试器)? Well, server-based software likewise has to be designed to be changeable. You have to be able to change it easily, or at least to know what is a small change and what
26、 is a momentous one. Another thing that might turn out to be useful for server based software, surprisingly, is continuations. In Web-based software you can use something like continuation-passing style to get the effect of subroutines in the inherently stateless world of a Web session. Maybe it wou
27、ld be worthwhile having actual continuations, if it was not too expensive. What New Abstractions Are Left to Discover? Im not sure how reasonable a hope this is, but one thing I would really love to do, personally, is discover a new abstractionsomething that would make as much of a difference as hav
28、ing first class functions or recursion or even keyword parameters. This may be an impossible dream. These things dont get discovered that often. But I am always looking for. （分数：71.00）(1).Designing algorithms (运算法则) for routing data through a network and designing bridges are both nice, abstract pro
29、blems.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(2).Since languages have to be designed to suit human weaknesses, it has to be designed for bad programmers.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(3).Architecture is related to physics, so the actual goal of architects is to make discoveries about statistics.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(4).Libraries ar
30、e getting bigger and this can be dangerous for programming languages.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(5).The point of programming languages is to prevent our poor frail human brains from_.（分数：7.10）_(6).The argument for designing languages for bad programmers is that_.（分数：7.10）_(7).When I first learned Lisp (表处理语
31、言). what I liked most about it was that it considered me_.（分数：7.10）_(8).Hackers could do amazing things in APL with just_.（分数：7.10）_(9).If you force yourself to shorten the manual, in the best case you do it by_that required so much explanation.（分数：7.10）_(10).Web-based applications are programs that
32、 sit_and talk to you through a Web browser.（分数：7.10）_三、Listening Comprehens(总题数：1，分数：15.00)A.He wanted Mary to come, but she couldnt.B.He invited Mary to the party.C.He didnt invite Mary to the party.D.He didnt want to have a party because of business.A.Air plane.B.Bus.C.Subway.D.Car.A.Shes got a st
33、omachache.B.She feels perfectly fine.C.Shes going to get married.D.Shes going to have a baby.A.To encourage them.B.To stop them immediatelyC.To give some explanation.D.To leave them alone.A.Next year.B.Soon.C.When she finishes writing.D.After he visits her.A.It is the best city hes ever visited.B.It
34、 was worse than he had expected.C.It is difficult to get around in the city.D.The hotel service is terrible in the city.A.No one knows how Mary gets to work.B.She doesnt think the record player works.C.She throws the old record away.D.Its surprising that Mary could repair the record player.A.She gav
35、e him his dollar back.B.Two quarters and a half dollar.C.Two quarters and fifty pennies.D.Three quarters , two dimes and a nickel.四、Section A(总题数：2，分数：10.00)A.Dr. Collin.B.Spray cans.C.A new type of fuel.D.A test.A.Because she is the assistant to Dr. Collin.B.Because she wants to show off herself.C.
36、Because she has read a lot on DME.D.Because she knew the man is absent from the class.A.Because its prohibited by the government.B.Because its more inefficient than other alternative fuels.C.Because it will destroy the ozone.D.Because it costs a lot to mass-produce.A.Because the professor has told h
37、er to do so.B.Because its difficult to understand without notes.C.Because there will be a test the next week.D.Because she has borrowed the mans psychology notes.A.The effects of caffeine.B.Some causes of headaches.C.How to do well on exams.D.Problems with the student cafeteria.A.He has a headache.B
38、.He failed his history exam.C.He is sleepy.D.He is too busy.A.Decaffeinated coffee may help prevent heart disease.B.Coffee does not necessarily cause heart disease.C.Coffee has less caffeine than soda.D.Caffeine can be used as headache remedy.A.It helps people work efficiently.B.Its more refreshing
39、than soda.C.It should be drunk in moderation.D.It has less flavor than tea.五、Section B(总题数：3，分数：10.00)A.Through food.B.Through air.C.Through insects.D.Though body fluids.A.They ran a high fever.B.They died from excessive bleeding.C.Their nervous system was damaged.D.They suffered from heart-attack.A
40、.To see what happened to the survivors of the disease.B.To study animals that can also get infected with the disease.C.To look for the plants that could cure the disease.D.To look for the plants that could cure the disease.A.How to analyze photographic techniques.B.How to define photography.C.How Al
41、fred Stieglitz contributed to the history of photography.D.Whether photography is superior to other art forms.A.They were influenced by his background in engineering.B.They were very expensive to take.C.They were among the first taken under such condition.D.Most of them were of poor quality.A.He tho
42、ught the copying process took too long.B.He considered each photograph to be unique.C.He didnt have the necessary equipment for reproduction.D.He didnt want them to be displayed outside of his home.A.A diet largely consisting of fruits and vegetables.B.A diet including grains, fresh fruit and vegeta
43、bles, and meat.C.A diet including a combination of several different food types.D.A diet without fat and oils.A.Having selected food types.B.Eating vegetables and fruits.C.Eating as much as possible.D.Having all food types in proper proportions.A.To rise peoples awareness of balanced diet.B.To warn
44、people of the consequences of not having balanced diet.C.To show people the right proportions and types of foods that make up a balanced diet.D.To divide food into different categories.A.2 - 5B.3 - 5C.2 - 4D.3 - 4六、Section C(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Last week, speakers at a program in Washington discussed usi
45、ng nanotechnology (纳米技术) to improve health care in developing countries. Peter Singer at the University of Toronto says a nanotechnology called quantum dots could be used to (36) 1cases of malaria. He says it could offer a better way than the traditional process of looking at a persons blood under a
46、 (37) 2. In poor countries, this process is often not (38) 3. As a result, sick people may get treated for malaria even if they do not have it. Such misuse of medicines can lead to drug (39) 4. Quantum dots are particles that give off light when (40) 5. Researchers are studying ways to program them
47、to (41) 6diseases by lighting up in the presence of a targeted molecule. Experts say nanotechnology shows promise not just for (42) 7diseases, but also for treating them. Piotr Grodzinski of the National Institutes of Health talked about how nanotechnology could make drugs more (43) 8. He talked about cancer drugs already developed with nanotechnology. (44) 9. Andrew Maynard is the chief scientist for
