1、大学英语六级 93及答案解析(总分：428.03，做题时间：132 分钟)一、Part I Writing (3(总题数：1，分数：30.00)1.For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Pros and Cons of Online Shopping. You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below: 1简单介绍网上购物的方法 2阐述网上购物的好处 3指出网上购物的缺点并总结 Useful wo
2、rds and expressions: 网上购物：online shoppingE-shopping 信用卡：credit card 浏览(网页)：browse(vt.)（分数：30.00）_二、Part II Reading C(总题数：1，分数：71.00)“The global employment situation is gloomy (惨淡) and will become still gloomier“. General Director Michel Hansenne of the International Labour Organisation said in Septe
3、mber 1998. The International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU) represents 125 million organised workers in 145 countries. While women make up 39 per cent of this rank and file, only ten per cent of the board (董事会) members are women. In April 2000 the ICFTU Congress changed its statutes so t
4、hat women are expected to increase their representation at the next Congress in 2004. The global labour force includes half of the worlds population, numbering about three billion people. -Half of all jobs are in agriculture. A significant proportion of these jobs are seasonal in the developing coun
5、tries. -Almost one third of those employed work in the service industries. -40 per cent of working people are women. Women are in the majority in subcontracting (转包合同) and temporary jobs, part-time and temporary employment and in the informal sector. 250 million children are involved in working life
6、. Of these, 110 million are girls aged 5 to 14 years. A majority of the labour force in the developing countries work in the informal or grey sector (灰色行业,指不正当行业) of the economy, in which employment is not regulated by collective agreements and even legislation has little impact. One billion people
7、suffer from lack of work. The labour supply greatly exceeds its demand. There are 150 million unemployed and about 750 to 900 million underemployed worldwide. A situation in which roughly one third of the global labour force suffer from lack of work perpetuates (使继续) a serious imbalance in the labou
8、r market. For the employers this offers an effective means to pressure employees to accept substandard working conditions. The lack of work is greatest in the developing countries. Very high unemployment rates are common all over the third world. In the European Union the general unemployment rate w
9、as just under ten per cent at the beginning of the year 2000, while in the USA and Japan it was four to five per cent. Of the unemployed 60 million are aged 15 to 24 years. Highly skilled jobs are concentrated in the industrialised countries, while those demanding fewer skills are in the developing
10、countries. This gap is not narrowing. The demand for unskilled labour is continuously decreasing in the affluent countries as the emphasis moves ever more towards production demanding highly skilled labour. In the 1980s and 1990s the parallel change in the developing countries was slower than in the
11、 economically developed countries. In some developing countries vocational skills barely developed at all. People in working life have noticed the increased competition in the form of growing demands made by employers. Often these demands are inordinate. According to a report published in Helsingin
12、Sanomat in June 2000, Finnish President Tarja Halonen described the consequences of excessive demands made by employers at a seminar organised by the Social Insurance Institution KELA in the following terms: “There are rather many burned out or overburdened people at workplaces nowadays, and in many
13、 ways work exceeds its frame of reference to affect leisure time and family life so that people lose the ability to cope with working life“. This stress has been augmented by a loss of job security and, especially in the public sector, by the increased prevalence of temporary jobs. Employers apply p
14、ressure on their employees by threatening to transfer their work to subcontractors or to other corporations offering services for hire. Efforts to protect individual employment in Finland have led to uncompensated overtime work in many industries. In the 1990s this phenomena also became more common
15、in the municipal sector. It represents an exacerbated (加剧的) example of how fiercer competition increases the pressure to undermine working conditions. The more employee groups concede (让步) in the face of such pressure, the more difficult it is for others to defend their working conditions, and the r
16、ace to the bottom accelerates (加速). The system of collective bargaining gives the best protection to wage and salary earners. Collective agreements offer the most effective means of preventing “the race to the bottom“. The Finnish public is well aware of this, as was clear from a survey made by the
17、SAK organisation in late winter 2000. 73 per cent of those interviewed considered that employees are in a weak position when wages, salaries and other working conditions are entirely negotiated at the workplace. 79 per cent of wage earners and 78 per cent of salaried employees concur with this view.
18、 63 per cent of those in managerial positions are of a similar opinion. 54 per cent of entrepreneurs consider it important to settle working conditions by collective bargaining. However, one third of the Finns are of the opinion that employers must have the right to employ people at whatever conditi
19、ons job applicants agree to. There are no collective agreements of generally binding character in the municipal sector. In school cleaning, for example, two different agreements may be applied if part of the work is commissioned from a private company. The pay and the other benefits for the same wor
20、k may differ substantially, which tempts employers to choose the cheaper alternative regardless of the outcome of the work. This is a hard challenge for municipal staff. The arrangement has been exacerbated by an increase in the number of bids made by unorganised employers and of those who hire out
21、labour in competitive tendering for public services. This limits the prospects for defending appropriate pay levels and decent working conditions. The European Union trade union movement is calling for the inclusion of the basic rights of wage and salary earners in the EU charter. In the first half
22、of the year 2000 the trade union organisations stepped up their lobbying of EU policymakers in this area. The Core standards for working life must be the starting point everywhere. Defending core labour standards is a fundamental principle in the strategy of the international trade union movement. I
23、n 1998 the Member States of the International Labour Organisation ILO specified what they meant by core labour standards. Their goal is: - to secure the right to organise and the right to collective bargaining, -to prevent discrimination based on gender, race or religion in recruiting (征召) and pay,
24、-to limit the participation in working life of minors and completely stop child labour in the worst jobs, and -to bring an end to forced labour. There is no country where women are not victims of discriminated in the labour market. The extreme case is Afghanistan. Appealing to the Koran, its hard-li
25、ne Islamic leadership has forbidden women from participating in working life. As far as business enterprises are concerned, discrimination in recruiting and promotion is an oddity, as it means under-utilisation of the skills and know-how of women. As such, this also hampers the development of societ
26、y as a whole. In all cases discrimination against women has been inherited from the past when women were responsible for work in the home, while men worked outside the home. In the last decades of the 20th century, however, female participation in working life increased at an accelerating pace so th
27、at by the beginning of the new millennium 40 per cent of the global labour force was female. Many growth industries have a female majority in the labour force. By increasing the proportion of women in its leading bodies the trade union movement will become stronger and its ability to promote organis
28、ation will improve. This has been stressed in several official decisions of trade union committees. The trade union movement in Finland believes that it can solve this problem by analysing the consequences of the alternatives for the position of women when it prepares its decisions. Trade union orga
29、nisations in several other countries have adopted a similar approach. However this method of mainstreaming has not been fully applied in any country. （分数：71.00）(1).Women make up 39% of the total number of members in The International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU), and only 10% of women
30、enter the board before 2004.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(2).Men make up 60% of global labour force.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(3).Women are more inclined to be engaged in subcontracting and temporary jobs, part-time and temporary employment and in the informal sector than men.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(4).The developing co
31、untries suffer more greatly from unemployment than the developed countries.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(5).A situation in which roughly one third of the global labour force suffer from lack of work perpetuates_.（分数：7.10）_(6).The demand for unskilled labour is continuously decreasing in the affluent countries
32、 as the emphasis moves ever more towards_.（分数：7.10）_(7).Employers put pressure on their employees by threatening to_ or to other corporations offering services for hire.（分数：7.10）_(8).The system of collective bargaining gives the best protection to_.（分数：7.10）_(9).The European Union trade union moveme
33、nt is calling to write the basic rights of wage and salary earners into the_.（分数：7.10）_(10).By increasing _the trade union movement will become stronger and its ability to promote organisation will improve.（分数：7.10）_三、Listening Comprehens(总题数：1，分数：15.00)A.Jacks trousers dont match his jacket.B.Jack
34、looks funny in that yellow jacket.C.The color of Jacks jacket is too dark.D.Jack has bad taste in clothes.A.Mr. Johnsons ideas are nonsense.B.He quite agrees with Mr. Johnsons views.C.Mr. Johnson is good at expressing his ideas.D.He shares the womans views on social welfare.A.The man is handsome.B.T
35、he man used to be unhealthy.C.The lecture is not very clear.D.The man has become a better person.A.He dislikes museums and galleries.B.He does not care about the hot weather.C.Going to the beach is the best choice.D.He doesnt want to go to Washington.A.Janet loves the beautiful landscape of Australi
36、a very much.B.Janet is very much interested in architecture.C.Janet admires the Sydney Opera House very much.D.Janet thinks its a shame for anyone not to visit Australia.A.She will choose a new topic to write the essay.B.She used to choose the poetry written by Shakespeare as the topic.C.She refuses
37、 to accept the mans advice.D.She is on the wrong track.A.Karen is very forgetful.B.He knows Karen better now.C.Karen is sure to pass the interview.D.The woman should have reminded Karen earlier.A.Ask Joe to apologize to the professor for her.B.Skip the class to prepare for the exam.C.Tell the profes
38、sor shes lost her voice.D.Attend the lecture with the man.四、Section A(总题数：2，分数：10.00)A.A book called Psychology and the Modern Age.B.A social book called the Modern Age.C.A book called Physiology and the Modern Age.D.A book called Sociology and the Modern Age.A.The book has been sold.B.The book has
39、been lost.C.The book has been reserved.D.The book has been borrowed by the professor.A.Its down the hall and to the right.B.Its up the hall and to the right.C.Its down the hall and to the left.D.Its up the hall and to the left.A.That way, the book stays in the library, and all students have a chance
40、 to read it.B.That way, the book stays in the library, and not all students have a chance to read it.C.That way, the book stays in the professors, and all students have a chance to read it.D.That way, the book stays in the professors, and not all students have a chance to read it.A.The man.B.The wom
41、an.C.They pay for their own dinner respectively.D.Someone else.A.Because it serves only a few specialties.B.Because its too crowded.C.Because its too costly.D.Because the service is too slow.A.There arent many varieties of food at lunch counters.B.Some school kids eat in school cafeterias.C.Workers
42、go back home to have lunch.D.The woman likes American food.五、Section B(总题数：3，分数：10.00)A.The coffee market in Boston.B.The role of supermarkets in the coffee business.C.A new trend in the United States.D.The advertising of a new product.A.Gourmet coffee is less expensive.B.Regular brands of coffee ha
43、ve too much caffeine.C.Gourmet coffee tastes better.D.Gourmet coffee is grown in the United States.A.They will run out of coffee.B.They will successfully compete with gourmet coffee sellers.C.They will introduce new regular brands of coffee.D.They will lose some coffee business.A.Because he was a co
44、ok at a country-music club.B.Because he performed for guests while he worked as a cook.C.Because he often sang while cooking.D.Because he liked singing better than cooking.A.His brother.B.His manager.C.His father.D.A business woman.A.At a club.B.On a farm.C.At a construction site.D.In a record compa
45、ny.A.His ability to live independently.B.His sense of responsibility in whatever he did.C.His courage in the face of rejections.D.His hard work in his early days.A.The presidents of the United States.B.Congress of the USA.C.The relationship between the Republican Party and the Democratic Party.D.The
46、 Republican Party.A.Lincoln, Eisenhower and Richard Nixon respectively held the presidency in the USA.B.The Republicans always fail to win a majority in Congress.C.The Republican Party is more conservative than the Democratic Party.D.Republicans were blamed for the economic crisis of 1929.A.The Repu
47、blican Party has always been supported by the Democratic Party.B.The Democratic Party is associated with free enterprise in the economy.C.The Democratic Party is the main opponent of the Republican Party.D.The Republican Party has never lost the presidency.六、Section C(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Freelance photography can be a highly (36) 1career and can potentially take you around the world. The scope for work is large, as well as the traditional sources of (37) 2and newspapers. The incre
