1、大学英语六级 88及答案解析(总分：447.98，做题时间：132 分钟)一、Part I Writing (3(总题数：1，分数：30.00)1.For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a letter. Suppose you are graduating from the university this summer and you are going to apply for a job. You should write no less than 150 words and you should base your com
2、position on the outline given in Chinese below: 假设你是一位即将毕业于南京大学电子计算机系的学生，你从报纸上看到某公司招聘一名电子计算机工程技术口译人员的广告，请你写一封求职信说明你应聘的理由。 （分数：30.00）_二、Part II Reading C(总题数：1，分数：71.00)Programming languages Programming languages are how people talk to computers. The computer would be just as happy speaking any langu
3、age that was unambiguous. The reason we have high level languages is because people cant deal with machine language. The point of programming languages is to prevent our poor frail human brains from being overwhelmed by a mass of detail. Architects know that some kinds of design problems are more pe
4、rsonal than others. One of the cleanest, most abstract design problems is designing bridges. There your job is largely a matter of spanning a given distance with the least material. The other end of the spectrum is designing chairs. Chair designers have to spend their time thinking about human bodie
5、s. Software varies in the same way. Designing algorithms (运算法则) for routing data through a network is a nice, abstract problem, like designing bridges. Whereas designing programming languages is like designing chairs: its all about dealing with human weaknesses. Most of us hate to acknowledge this.
6、Designing systems of great mathematical elegance sounds a lot more appealing to most of us than pandering to human weaknesses. And there is a role for mathematical elegance: some kinds of elegance make programs easier to understand. But elegance is not an end in itself. And when I say languages have
7、 to be designed to suit human weaknesses, I dont mean that languages have to be designed for bad programmers. In fact I think you ought to design for the best programmers, but even the best programmers have limitations. I dont think anyone would like programming in a language where all the variables
8、 were the letter x with integer subscripts. If you look at the history of programming languages, a lot of the best ones were languages designed for their own authors to use, and a lot of the worst ones were designed for other people to use. When languages are designed for other people, its always a
9、specific group of other people: people not as smart as the language designer. So you get a language that talks down to you. Cobol (计算机通用语言) is the most extreme case, but a lot of languages are pervaded by this spirit. It has nothing to do with how abstract the language is. C is pretty low-level, but
10、 it was designed for its authors to use, and thats why hackers like it. The argument for designing languages for bad programmers is that there are more bad programmers than good programmers. That may be so. But those few good programmers write a disproportionately large percentage of the software. I
11、m interested in the question, how do you design a language that the very best hackers will like? I happen to think this is identical to the question, how do you design a good programming language? Give the Programmer as Much Control as Possible. Many languages (especially the ones designed for other
12、 people) have the attitude of a governess: they try to prevent you from doing things that they think arent good for you. I like the opposite approach: give the programmer as much control as you can. When I first learned Lisp (表处理语言), what I liked most about it was that it considered me an equal part
13、ner. In the other languages I had learned up till then, there was the language and there was my program, written in the language, and the two were very separate. But in Lisp the functions and macros I wrote were just like those that made up the language itself. I could rewrite the language if I want
14、ed. It had the same appeal as open-source software. Aim for Brevity. Brevity is underestimated and even scorned. But if you look into the hearts of hackers, youll see that they really love it. How many times have you heard hackers speak fondly of how in, say, APL, they could do amazing things with j
15、ust a couple lines of code? I think anything that really smart people really love is worth paying attention to. I think almost anything you can do to make programs shorter is good. There should be lots of library functions; anything that can be implicit should be; the syntax (句法) should be simple; e
16、ven the names of things should be short. And its not only programs that should be short. The manual should be thin as well. A good part of manuals (说明书) is taken up with clarifications and reservations and warnings and special cases. If you force yourself to shorten the manual, in the best case you
17、do it by fixing the things in the language that required so much explanation. Admit What Hacking Is. A lot of people wish that hacking was mathematics, or at least something like a natural science. I think hacking is more like architecture. Architecture is related to physics, in the sense that archi
18、tects have to design buildings that dont fall down, but the actual goal of architects is to make great buildings, not to make discoveries about statistics. What hackers like to do is make great programs. And I think, at least in our own minds, we have to remember that its an admirable thing to write
19、 great programs, even when this work doesnt translate easily into the conventional intellectual currency of research papers. Intellectually, it is just as worthwhile to design a language programmers will love as it is to design a horrible one that embodies some idea you can publish a paper about. Ho
20、w to Organize Big Libraries? Libraries are becoming an increasingly important component of programming languages. Theyre also getting bigger, and this can be dangerous. If it takes longer to find the library function that will do what you want than it would take to write it yourself, then all that c
21、ode is doing nothing but make your manual thick. So I think we will have to work on ways to organize libraries. The ideal would be to design them so that the programmer could guess what library call would do the right thing. Are People Really Scared of Prefix Syntax? This is an open problem in the s
22、ense that I have wondered about it for years and still dont know the answer. Prefix syntax seems perfectly natural to me, except possibly for math. But it could be that a lot of Lisps unpopularity is simply due to having an unfamiliar syntax. Whether to do anything about it, if it is true, is anothe
23、r question. What Do You Need for Server (服务器)-Based Software? I think a lot of the most exciting new applications that get written in the next twenty years will be Web-based applications, meaning programs that sit on the server and talk to you through a Web browser. And to write these kinds of progr
24、ams we may need some new things. One thing well need is support for the new way that server-based applications get released. Instead of having one or two big releases a year, like desktop software, server-based applications get released as a series of small changes. You may have as many as five or t
25、en releases a day. And as a rule everyone will always use the latest version. You know how you can design programs to be debug gable (调试器)? Well, server-based software likewise has to be designed to be changeable. You have to be able to change it easily, or at least to know what is a small change an
26、d what is a momentous one. Another thing that might turn out to be useful for server based software, surprisingly, is continuations. In Web-based software you can use something like continuation-passing style to get the effect of subroutines in the inherently stateless world of a Web session. Maybe
27、it would be worthwhile having actual continuations, if it was not too expensive. What New Abstractions Are Left to Discover? Im not sure how reasonable a hope this is, but one thing I would really love to do, personally, is discover a new abstractionsomething that would make as much of a difference
28、as having first class functions or recursion or even keyword parameters. This may be an impossible dream. These things dont get discovered that often. But I am always looking for. （分数：71.00）(1).Designing algorithms (运算法则) for routing data through a network and designing bridges are both nice, abstra
29、ct problems.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(2).Since languages have to be designed to suit human weaknesses, it has to be designed for bad programmers.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(3).Architecture is related to physics, so the actual goal of architects is to make discoveries about statistics.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(4).Librar
30、ies are getting bigger and this can be dangerous for programming languages.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(5).The point of programming languages is to prevent our poor frail human brains from_.（分数：7.10）_(6).The argument for designing languages for bad programmers is that_.（分数：7.10）_(7).When I first learned Lisp
31、 (表处理语言). what I liked most about it was that it considered me_.（分数：7.10）_(8).Hackers could do amazing things in APL with just_.（分数：7.10）_(9).If you force yourself to shorten the manual, in the best case you do it by_that required so much explanation.（分数：7.10）_(10).Web-based applications are program
32、s that sit_and talk to you through a Web browser.（分数：7.10）_三、Listening Comprehens(总题数：1，分数：15.00)A.He will tell Mary how to operate the dishwasher.B.He will wash the dishes himself instead.C.He will help Bill to translate the manual.D.He himself will operate the dishwasher.A.Lose weight.B.Quit smoki
33、ng.C.Weight himself frequently.D.Have a talk with the doctor.A.The woman should have complained to her neighbor.B.The woman should stay out until the neighbors are quiet.C.The woman should have stayed at the library.D.The lab will be a better place for reading.A.Check the figures later today.B.Do th
34、e calculations again tomorrow.C.Bring a calculator tomorrow.D.Calculate the number fight now.A.She doesnt remember much about the city.B.Shes never been to the city.C.She would find someone else to help.D.She would talk to the man later.A.She thinks the man should have helped earlier.B.She doesnt ne
35、ed the mans help.C.She doesnt know the boxes are heavy.D.She wants the man to help with the boxes.A.She let the man use her books for the weekend.B.She brought the books the man asked for.C.She borrowed the books from the man.D.She offered to help the man.A.Shed like to have the windows open.B.She l
36、ikes to have the air conditioner on.C.The air is heavily polluted.D.The windows are already open.A.Hes going to visit a photo studio.B.Hes just had his picture taken.C.Hes on the way to the theater.D.Hes just returned from a job interview.A.At a gas station.B.In a park.C.In an emergency room.D.At a
37、garage.四、Section A(总题数：2，分数：10.00)A.He cant find his office key.B.He has misplaced some exams.C.He is unable to talk.D.He doesnt like his classroom.A.Mark the latest homework assignment.B.Put a cancellation notice on the classroom door.C.Make an appointment with the doctor.D.Return some exams to his
38、 students.A.Teach Dons class while hes absent.B.Give Professor Webster the key to Dons office.C.Leave a message on the board in Dons classroom.D.Bring Don the homework that was due today.A.To put the homework on Dons desk.B.To leave the master key for Don.C.To give Dons students the next assignment.
39、D.To call Don at the end of the afternoon.A.Relaxing at the seashore.B.Visiting her parents.C.Sailing on a boat.D.Preparing for a race.A.She was invited only for the weekend.B.The weather was too hot.C.She had an appointment.D.She had schoolwork to do.A.She doesnt know how to swim.B.The water was to
40、o deep.C.The water was too cold.D.She didnt have enough time.五、Section B(总题数：3，分数：30.00)A.A famous family.B.A rich family.C.A poor family.D.A common family.A.Jazz music.B.Classical music.C.Rock music.D.Country music.A.His great happy smile.B.His sad and slow songs.C.His wonderful jazz music.D.His ha
41、ndsome appearance.A.Because all the people can enter it at any time.B.Because it opens fulltime all day.C.Because all its students are mother of families.D.Because students dont have to pass entrance examinations.A.It is the same as an open university.B.There are no teachers.C.Students are taught on
42、 radio and television.D.Students and tutors should meet and study together for several weeks.A.36 weeks.B.4 weeks.C.3 weeks.D.5 weeks.A.Because they worship pigs best of all.B.Because they consider pigs as bad animals.C.Because they arent used to talking about pigs.D.Because they dont like the topic
43、 about pigs at all.A.Clever.B.Rich.C.Good.D.All the above.A.Different people have different ideas about the same thing.B.Westerners do not like pigs as much as the Chinese.C.In general, Westerners and the Chinese dont like pigs.D.All of the Chinese like pigs better than Westerners.六、Section C(总题数：1，
44、分数：10.00)“Avoid the rush hour“ must be the of large cities the world over. If it is, its a (36) 1 no one takes the least notice of. Twice a day, with (37) 2regularity, the pot boils over. Wherever you look, its people, people, people. The trains which leave or arrive every few minutes are packed: an
45、 endless (38) 3of human sardine tins. The streets are so (39) 4, there is hardly room to move on the (40) 5. The queues for buses reach (41) 6proportions. It takes ages for a bus to get to you because the traffic on the roads has (42) 7come to a (43) 8. Large modern cities are too big to control. Th
46、ey condition the lifestyle of the people who inhabit them. (44) 9. They lose touch with the land and rhythm of nature. (45) 10. A few flowers in a public park (if you have the time to visit it) may remind you that it is spring or summer. (46) 11. Beyond that, what is going on in nature seems totally irrelevant. （分数：10.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_七、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：2，分数：177.00)The promise of finding long-term technological solutions to the pr
