1、大学英语六级 86及答案解析(总分：448.03，做题时间：132 分钟)一、Part I Writing (3(总题数：1，分数：30.00)1.For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic: Psychological Problems of University Students. You should write at least 150 words, and base your composition on the chart and the outline give
2、n below: （分数：30.00）_二、Part II Reading C(总题数：1，分数：71.00)By the mid-1990s, banks and investment organizations had realized that academics skilled in mathematical modelling could help them to devise winning strategies with which to play the worlds financial markets. George Sugihara, who had built a for
3、midable reputation among ecologists by analyzing the population dynamics of fish and plankton (浮游生物), was a prize catch. Deutsche Bank wanted him to apply those talents to its “black-box project“, a secret endeavour designed to predict the prices of various financial instruments. Sugihara struck a h
4、ard bargain. In addition to providing an ample salary, Deutsche Bank agreed to let him stay in San Diego where the Frankfurt-based firm provided a large luxurious office overlooking the harbour. There, it gave him all the resources he needed to devise models to interpret price trends from masses of
5、financial data. In 1995, when Sugihara took leave of absence from the University of California, San Diego (UCSD), his colleagues thought it unlikely that he would ever return few scientists who have been seduced by the world of finance have later resumed their academic careers. But Sugihara has chan
6、ged that trend, and is now applying his experience in finance to marine conservation. He wants to harness market forces to prevent over-fishing which governments and the scientists who advise them have mostly so far failed to achieve. In reality, Sugihara never gave up his studies of biological ocea
7、nography. During his four years with Deutsche Bank, he taught part-time at UCSD, and published more than a dozen scientific articles on complex biological systems. When his leave period was up, he says, hard science was always going to win over high finance. “No, it wasnt hard to leave that world,“
8、he says. “I really wanted to do science.“ But Sugiharas experience of the markets has changed the way he thinks about managing the oceans natural resources. For decades, investors have traded on markets for the future prices of virtually every commodity, from grain crops, through orange juice, to oi
9、l. Yet despite worldwide sales of at least US$80 billion a year, there is no futures market for fish. Sugihara hopes to change that. By providing people with the means to make money, and offering a structured financial environment for the worldwide catch and sale of fish, he argues, it should be pos
10、sible to prevent stock depletion. Trading places To this end, Sugihara and a number of scientific colleagues are now seeking start-up finance for a company called the Ocean Resource Exchange. This would trade and lease financial instruments or derivatives associated with fish catches, on an electron
11、ic commodities exchange. Perhaps trading is in Sugiharas genes. His Japanese father was a trader in wood products, who settled in California in 1951 with his Indonesian wife and young son, seeking new opportunities away from the turmoil of post-war Asia. But the young Sugihara didnt follow his fathe
12、r into business. After graduating from the University of Michigan in 1973, he embarked on an academic career, initially studying lake cores in Africa. First he worked in Zambia, where he identified pollens and diatoms for palaeoclimate (古气候) studies. Later, he moved to Tunisia to study algal product
13、ivity and the origins of hydrogen sulphide emissions from Lake Tunis. Sugiharas analytical mind found this fieldwork unsatisfying, so he returned to Michigan to bone up (突击钻研) on mathematics. “I took 26 courses in two years,“ he says. And with his growing mathematical sophistication, he developed a
14、theory to explain an observed regularity in the distribution of species abundance. When he approached Robert May, then conducting pioneering analyses of biodiversity at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, with the theory, May immediately recognized Sugiharas potential and sign
15、ed him up as a doctoral student. By the time Sugihara completed his PhD in 1982, he already had his eyes on UCSDs Scripps Institution of Oceanography, which hosted a largely untapped repository of oceano-graphic and fisheries data. “This was a gold mine,“ says Sugihara. “And no one was looking at it
16、 intensively.“ At Scripps, Sugihara used these data to develop and test mathematical models designed to probe the dynamics of complex biological systems. Among the results was an influential article published with May, which showed how to use nonlinear equations formulas where output isnt proportion
17、al to input to make short-term predictions about the behaviour of chaotic systems such as the population dynamics of marine plankton. Financial Trend setter Among those who recognized the equations power was former behavioural ecologist Steven Schulman, who knew Sugihara from Princeton. By 1990, Sch
18、ulman was in the New York office of the financial firm Merrill Lynch, conducting quantitative analyses to reduce investment risk. In Sugiharas equations, Schulman saw the possibility of predicting prices in market derivatives. So he brokered a consulting deal: Merrill Lynch provided Sugihara with fi
19、nancial data, which he mined for price trends. For Sugihara, it was a dream. First, the arrangement allowed him to put his own finances on a sounder footing. “I couldnt afford to send my children to college, back then,“ he says. Analysing the markets also presented him with fresh intellectual challe
20、nges. “Im driven by access to data,“ he says. And at the time, Sugihara was even more discreet, telling acquaintances who asked about his work: “Im a teacher.“ Former colleagues who visited didnt know what to make of his new life as a financial predictor. Sugihara recalls the first time that May dro
21、pped by at his harbour-side office and assumed he was the victim of an elaborate practical joke. “He opened a desk drawer to look for something with my name on it,“ Sugihara says. Sugiharas earnings in the world of finance have provided a home with an enviable sea view, plus a vintage Porsche (保时捷汽车
22、) parked in the garage. But by the standards of banking highfliers, these are limited extravagances. For Sugihara, acquiring wealth was never the main goal, so he had few doubts about getting back on the treadmill of winning grants for his research. Thats not always easy for someone who cuts across
23、disciplines, and whose ideas are often ahead of their time. “Its too far out of the box“ is a common comment from reviewers, Sugihara says. But unlike his colleagues, whose grant applications get tossed aside, Sugihara has the luxury of being able to support some of his own research, using a trust f
24、und set up during his Deutsche Bank days. In part, that was how he funded his latest work, an analysis of environmental fluctuations and ecological catastrophes in the North Pacific. This suggests that fishing quotas may need to be set more conservatively, and adjusted more frequently to compensate
25、for environmental conditions, than is typically the case. “The way fish quotas are set is wrong,“ says Sugihara. “It doesnt fit nature or reality.“ Net gains The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), which sets quotas in US waters, is at least prepared to listen to this message. When Sugihara ga
26、ve a lecture in June to a NMFS scientific panel on quota methodology in the North Pacific, his talk went on for two hours three times as long as scheduled as agency staff quizzed him on the details. “It was really interesting,“ says Jeffrey Polovina, a NMFS biological oceanographer. “But it was pret
27、ty complicated stuff. Most of us dont have the background in chaos theory.“ Sugihara hopes that the Ocean Resource Exchange will provide an incentive to preserve fish stocks that doesnt rely on a detailed understanding of complex biological systems, and instead taps into peoples baser instincts(直觉).
28、 “Show them how to make more money,“ he says. The first derivative is likely to be a futures contract for a certain percentage of a fishermans catch at an agreed price at a specified time. “Essentially, these are tradable options for fishing rights,“ Sugihara says. Fishermen and investors could hedg
29、e their bets, which should reduce the tendency for catches to swing between boom and bust(萧条期), and give all stakeholders a tangible financial incentive not to cheat and plunder the ecosystem for the maximum short-term return. As a test of the idea, Sugihara is modeling the concept using data from a
30、 Californian squid fishery where about 200 vessels bring in a haul worth up to US$36 million per year. But both catches and prices can fluctuate widely, making it a prime candidate for a market in derivatives(即时变化率). “The motive here is public service,“ he says. “I think we can use market forces for
31、 conservation.“ （分数：71.00）(1).George Sugihara was an ecologist when he was employed with high pay by Deutsche Bank.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(2).Sugihara wants to harness market forces to prevent over-fishing which governments and the scientists could not often achieve so far.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(3).There a
32、re many futures markets for fish now.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(4).Ocean Resource Exchange is a company to carry its trade and lease activities through electronic commodities exchange.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(5).Sugihara graduated from_ in 1973.（分数：7.10）_(6).Sugihara used the untapped data provided by_ to devel
33、op and test mathematical models designed to probe the dynamics of complex biological systems.（分数：7.10）_(7).Sugiharas equations power was recognized by the former ecologist_.（分数：7.10）_(8).Sugiharas main goal was not_.（分数：7.10）_(9).Why did Sugiharas lecture to a NMFS scientific panel prolong so much?（
34、分数：7.10）_(10).Sugihara proposes to rely on_ rather than a detailed understanding of complex biological systems to preserve fish stocks.（分数：7.10）_三、Listening Comprehens(总题数：1，分数：15.00)A.In an office.B.In a hotel.C.At a dinner table.D.At the man s house.A.At 1:00.B.After 1: 15.C.After 12:15.D.Before 1
35、2:00.A.$1 million.B.$1/4 million.C.$1/2 million.D.$2 million.A.He is hostile.B.He is indifferent.C.He is snobbish.D.He is helpful.A.House painter.B.Salesman.C.Mailman.D.Milkman.A.Father and daughter.B.Mother and son.C.Teacher and pupil.D.Doctor and patient.A.It is too noisy.B.She enjoys speaking lou
36、dly.C.She is very angry.D.She is deaf.A.The woman is making a withdrawal from a bank.B.The woman is admitting the man to a hospital.C.The woman is robbing the man.D.The woman is ordering the man to stop.四、Section A(总题数：2，分数：10.00)A.To tell her that he cant attend her class today.B.To make an appoint
37、ment with her for his roommate.C.To tell her that his roommate is unable to attend her class today.D.To discuss with her about his term paper.A.He almost forgets to hand in the term paper.B.He almost forgets to ask the location of Dr. Bauers office.C.He almost forgets to ask for the information of a
38、 course in next semester.D.He almost forgets to make an appointment with Dr. Bauer.A.They have to take final exam.B.They have to give presentation.C.They have to read numerous books.D.They have to hand in a term paper of 2,000 words.A.On the line.B.On the plane.C.In the restaurant.D.In the police of
39、ficeA.14 Spring Vale.B.40 Spring WellC.14 Spring Well.D.40 Spring Vale.A.Leave the ladder around.B.Cancel the milk.C.Not to tell others including the neighbors shes away.D.Not to cancel the paper.五、Section B(总题数：3，分数：30.00)A.Food is no longer a basic need for us, while it was for primitive people.B.
40、We eat a wide variety of food.C.We no longer eat fruit that primitive people ever ate.D.We eat more food than primitive people do.A.The climate.B.Ones social position.C.The materials available.D.Family size.A.Human Basic Needs.B.Material Comfort.C.Food: Human Basic Need.D.Basic Necessities of Life.A
41、.One sixth of them are seriously polluted.B.One third of them arc seriously polluted.C.Half of them are seriously polluted.D.Most of them are seriously polluted.A.There was no garbage left to clean up.B.There was more garbage than before and they had to work harder.C.The fiver had become so clean th
42、at a lot of water-birds came back.D.The river was much cleaner and they had to search for garbage.A.Most of them would be indifferent and keep on throwing garbage into the fiver.B.They would join the students in changing the situation.C.They would become more aware of the pollution problem.D.They wo
43、uld think twice before they went swimming or fishing in the fiver.A.False.B.True.C.Normal.D.Strange.A.Traveling in it.B.Studying its language.C.Living in it.D.All of the above.A.Their behaviours are becoming more similar to each other.B.The world is growing smaller.C.We are not longer interested in
44、each other.D.Englishman, Frenchman and German are becoming different kinds of animals.六、Section C(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Todays lecture well center on the prehistoric people of Nevada Desert. Now most of these prehistoric desert people (36) 1the countryside throughout the year. You might think that theyre w
45、andering aimlessly. Far from it, they actually followed the (37) 2of carefully planned moves. Where they moved depended on where food was (38) 3. Places where plants were ripening or fish were (39) 4. Now often when these people moved, they carried all their (40) 5on their backs. But if the journey
46、was long, extra food and tools were sometimes stored in caves or (41) 6rocks. One of these caves is now an exciting (42) 7 site. Beyond its small opening is a huge underground (43) 8. Even though the cave is very large. It was certainly too dark and dusty for the travelers to (44) 9. But it was a gr
47、eat place to (45) 10. And tremendous amounts of food supplies and artifacts have been found there. The food includes dried fish, seeds and nuts. The artifacts include stone spear points and (46) 11. The spear points are actually rather small. Here is a picture of some that were found. You can see their size in relation to the hands holding them. （分数：10.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_
