1、大学英语六级 80及答案解析(总分：448.05，做题时间：132 分钟)一、Part I Writing (3(总题数：1，分数：30.00)1.For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Smoking in Public Places Should (Not) Be Banned. You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below: 1提出你的立场和理由 2提出可能的反对理由 3给予相应的反驳，或
2、提出合理的建议 （分数：30.00）_二、Part II Reading C(总题数：1，分数：71.00)By the mid-1990s, banks and investment organizations had realized that academics skilled in mathematical modelling could help them to devise winning strategies with which to play the worlds financial markets. George Sugihara, who had built a form
3、idable reputation among ecologists by analyzing the population dynamics of fish and plankton (浮游生物), was a prize catch. Deutsche Bank wanted him to apply those talents to its “black-box project“, a secret endeavour designed to predict the prices of various financial instruments. Sugihara struck a ha
4、rd bargain. In addition to providing an ample salary, Deutsche Bank agreed to let him stay in San Diego where the Frankfurt-based firm provided a large luxurious office overlooking the harbour. There, it gave him all the resources he needed to devise models to interpret price trends from masses of f
5、inancial data. In 1995, when Sugihara took leave of absence from the University of California, San Diego (UCSD), his colleagues thought it unlikely that he would ever return few scientists who have been seduced by the world of finance have later resumed their academic careers. But Sugihara has chang
6、ed that trend, and is now applying his experience in finance to marine conservation. He wants to harness market forces to prevent over-fishing which governments and the scientists who advise them have mostly so far failed to achieve. In reality, Sugihara never gave up his studies of biological ocean
7、ography. During his four years with Deutsche Bank, he taught part-time at UCSD, and published more than a dozen scientific articles on complex biological systems. When his leave period was up, he says, hard science was always going to win over high finance. “No, it wasnt hard to leave that world,“ h
8、e says. “I really wanted to do science.“ But Sugiharas experience of the markets has changed the way he thinks about managing the oceans natural resources. For decades, investors have traded on markets for the future prices of virtually every commodity, from grain crops, through orange juice, to oil
9、. Yet despite worldwide sales of at least US$80 billion a year, there is no futures market for fish. Sugihara hopes to change that. By providing people with the means to make money, and offering a structured financial environment for the worldwide catch and sale of fish, he argues, it should be poss
10、ible to prevent stock depletion. Trading places To this end, Sugihara and a number of scientific colleagues are now seeking start-up finance for a company called the Ocean Resource Exchange. This would trade and lease financial instruments or derivatives associated with fish catches, on an electroni
11、c commodities exchange. Perhaps trading is in Sugiharas genes. His Japanese father was a trader in wood products, who settled in California in 1951 with his Indonesian wife and young son, seeking new opportunities away from the turmoil of post-war Asia. But the young Sugihara didnt follow his father
12、 into business. After graduating from the University of Michigan in 1973, he embarked on an academic career, initially studying lake cores in Africa. First he worked in Zambia, where he identified pollens and diatoms for palaeoclimate (古气候) studies. Later, he moved to Tunisia to study algal producti
13、vity and the origins of hydrogen sulphide emissions from Lake Tunis. Sugiharas analytical mind found this fieldwork unsatisfying, so he returned to Michigan to bone up (突击钻研) on mathematics. “I took 26 courses in two years,“ he says. And with his growing mathematical sophistication, he developed a t
14、heory to explain an observed regularity in the distribution of species abundance. When he approached Robert May, then conducting pioneering analyses of biodiversity at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, with the theory, May immediately recognized Sugiharas potential and signe
15、d him up as a doctoral student. By the time Sugihara completed his PhD in 1982, he already had his eyes on UCSDs Scripps Institution of Oceanography, which hosted a largely untapped repository of oceano-graphic and fisheries data. “This was a gold mine,“ says Sugihara. “And no one was looking at it
16、intensively.“ At Scripps, Sugihara used these data to develop and test mathematical models designed to probe the dynamics of complex biological systems. Among the results was an influential article published with May, which showed how to use nonlinear equations formulas where output isnt proportiona
17、l to input to make short-term predictions about the behaviour of chaotic systems such as the population dynamics of marine plankton. Financial Trend setter Among those who recognized the equations power was former behavioural ecologist Steven Schulman, who knew Sugihara from Princeton. By 1990, Schu
18、lman was in the New York office of the financial firm Merrill Lynch, conducting quantitative analyses to reduce investment risk. In Sugiharas equations, Schulman saw the possibility of predicting prices in market derivatives. So he brokered a consulting deal: Merrill Lynch provided Sugihara with fin
19、ancial data, which he mined for price trends. For Sugihara, it was a dream. First, the arrangement allowed him to put his own finances on a sounder footing. “I couldnt afford to send my children to college, back then,“ he says. Analysing the markets also presented him with fresh intellectual challen
20、ges. “Im driven by access to data,“ he says. And at the time, Sugihara was even more discreet, telling acquaintances who asked about his work: “Im a teacher.“ Former colleagues who visited didnt know what to make of his new life as a financial predictor. Sugihara recalls the first time that May drop
21、ped by at his harbour-side office and assumed he was the victim of an elaborate practical joke. “He opened a desk drawer to look for something with my name on it,“ Sugihara says. Sugiharas earnings in the world of finance have provided a home with an enviable sea view, plus a vintage Porsche (保时捷汽车)
22、 parked in the garage. But by the standards of banking highfliers, these are limited extravagances. For Sugihara, acquiring wealth was never the main goal, so he had few doubts about getting back on the treadmill of winning grants for his research. Thats not always easy for someone who cuts across d
23、isciplines, and whose ideas are often ahead of their time. “Its too far out of the box“ is a common comment from reviewers, Sugihara says. But unlike his colleagues, whose grant applications get tossed aside, Sugihara has the luxury of being able to support some of his own research, using a trust fu
24、nd set up during his Deutsche Bank days. In part, that was how he funded his latest work, an analysis of environmental fluctuations and ecological catastrophes in the North Pacific. This suggests that fishing quotas may need to be set more conservatively, and adjusted more frequently to compensate f
25、or environmental conditions, than is typically the case. “The way fish quotas are set is wrong,“ says Sugihara. “It doesnt fit nature or reality.“ Net gains The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), which sets quotas in US waters, is at least prepared to listen to this message. When Sugihara gav
26、e a lecture in June to a NMFS scientific panel on quota methodology in the North Pacific, his talk went on for two hours three times as long as scheduled as agency staff quizzed him on the details. “It was really interesting,“ says Jeffrey Polovina, a NMFS biological oceanographer. “But it was prett
27、y complicated stuff. Most of us dont have the background in chaos theory.“ Sugihara hopes that the Ocean Resource Exchange will provide an incentive to preserve fish stocks that doesnt rely on a detailed understanding of complex biological systems, and instead taps into peoples baser instincts(直觉).
28、“Show them how to make more money,“ he says. The first derivative is likely to be a futures contract for a certain percentage of a fishermans catch at an agreed price at a specified time. “Essentially, these are tradable options for fishing rights,“ Sugihara says. Fishermen and investors could hedge
29、 their bets, which should reduce the tendency for catches to swing between boom and bust(萧条期), and give all stakeholders a tangible financial incentive not to cheat and plunder the ecosystem for the maximum short-term return. As a test of the idea, Sugihara is modeling the concept using data from a
30、Californian squid fishery where about 200 vessels bring in a haul worth up to US$36 million per year. But both catches and prices can fluctuate widely, making it a prime candidate for a market in derivatives(即时变化率). “The motive here is public service,“ he says. “I think we can use market forces for
31、conservation.“ （分数：71.00）(1).George Sugihara was an ecologist when he was employed with high pay by Deutsche Bank.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(2).Sugihara wants to harness market forces to prevent over-fishing which governments and the scientists could not often achieve so far.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(3).There ar
32、e many futures markets for fish now.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(4).Ocean Resource Exchange is a company to carry its trade and lease activities through electronic commodities exchange.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(5).Sugihara graduated from_ in 1973.（分数：7.10）_(6).Sugihara used the untapped data provided by_ to develo
33、p and test mathematical models designed to probe the dynamics of complex biological systems.（分数：7.10）_(7).Sugiharas equations power was recognized by the former ecologist_.（分数：7.10）_(8).Sugiharas main goal was not_.（分数：7.10）_(9).Why did Sugiharas lecture to a NMFS scientific panel prolong so much?（分
34、数：7.10）_(10).Sugihara proposes to rely on_ rather than a detailed understanding of complex biological systems to preserve fish stocks.（分数：7.10）_三、Listening Comprehens(总题数：1，分数：15.00)A.The man can have his camera fixed here.B.The woman will probably fix the mans camera herself.C.The man will buy a ne
35、w camera.D.The woman suggests that the camera should have been brought in earlier.A.She will help him.B.She finished hers two days ago.C.She completed her work very quickly.D.She is still doing the project.A.Driving a car.B.Taking a taxi.C.Going by train.D.Taking the subway.A.A snowstorm.B.An earthq
36、uake.C.A traffic accident.D.A hurricane.A.The woman is the mans boss.B.The man is the womans husband.C.The woman is the headmaster of a school.D.The woman wants to know something about a student.A.The food spoiled.B.The group was shameful.C.The weather was bad.D.The program director wanted to have i
37、t on another day.A.A traffic guard.B.A sociologist.C.A student.D.A salesperson.A.The man hasnt caused a problem.B.The man should have returned the book earlier.C.She will probably wont do well on the coming Mondays test.D.The man should have been more thoughtful.四、Section A(总题数：2，分数：10.00)A.How she
38、is able to look younger and more energetic than her age.B.What is the best age of ones life and how she feels about her age.C.How people in their 20s and 30s differ in their attitudes toward what to do with their lives.D.Why people buy expensive face creams and if they really work.A.People between 2
39、5 and 30 dont want to talk about the consequences of what they do.B.People between 25 and 30 often fail to do anything because of lack of experience.C.People who are a bit older are more mature and are more likely to succeed.D.People who are a bit older tend to hesitate before deciding what to do.A.
40、She is very vain.B.She tries very hard to hide her real age from others.C.She had a good life when she was younger and still feels young at heart.D.She is no longer young but she manages to look younger by using expensive face creams.A.Cheese burger.B.Fries.C.Coke.D.Diet Pepsi.A.$1.53.B.$15.3.C.$5.3
41、.D.$3.5.A.A hotel.B.A supermarket.C.A city store.D.A fast food restaurant.五、Section B(总题数：3，分数：30.00)A.To look for a different lifestyle.B.To enjoy themselves.C.For adventure.D.For education.A.There are 200 vehicles for every kilometer of roadway.B.It has dense population.C.There are many museums an
42、d palaces.D.It has many towering buildings.A.It is a city of contrasts.B.It possesses many historical sites.C.It is an important industrial center.D.It has many big and beautiful parks.A.It helps develop our personalities.B.It enables us to acquire first-hand knowledge.C.It makes our life more inter
43、esting.D.It brings about changes in our lifestyle.A.They can do better than others.B.It is expensive to hire labour.C.They dont like to be helped.D.They dont trust others.A.It publishes books only for children.B.It publishes books about peoples pets.C.It uses computers to make up stories.D.It makes
44、the young readers the leading characters in the stories.A.Written by children themselves.B.Telling stories about the reader himself.C.Printed with standard things.D.Published with the help of computers.A.Garbage Can Be Changed into Fertilizer.B.Overcoming the Problem of Waste.C.Making Buildings with
45、 Garbage.D.Large Cities Are Anything but Beautiful.A.Garbage from food.B.01d cars.C.Empty bottles.D.Bottle glass.A.Pick out all the glass and metal.B.Get rid of dust.C.Bum waste paper.D.Screen earth and sand.A.Buildings.B.Roads.C.Films.D.Cities.六、Section C(总题数：1，分数：10.00)“Avoid the rush hour“ must b
46、e the of large cities the world over. If it is, its a (36) 1 no one takes the least notice of. Twice a day, with (37) 2regularity, the pot boils over. Wherever you look, its people, people, people. The trains which leave or arrive every few minutes are packed: an endless (38) 3of human sardine tins.
47、 The streets are so (39) 4, there is hardly room to move on the (40) 5. The queues for buses reach (41) 6proportions. It takes ages for a bus to get to you because the traffic on the roads has (42) 7come to a (43) 8. Large modern cities are too big to control. They condition the lifestyle of the people who inhabit them. (44) 9. They lose touch with the land and rhythm of nature. (45) 10. A few flowers in a public park (if you have the
