1、大学英语六级 77 及答案解析(总分：448.05，做题时间：132 分钟)一、Part I Writing (3(总题数：1，分数：30.00)1.For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Should High School Students Study Abroad? You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below: （分数：30.00）_二、Part II Reading C(总题数：1，分
2、数：71.00)A Brief History of American Anti-Smoking Campaigns The First Anti-Smoking Treatise Tobacco is a native American plant that was first used as a smoking substance in the religious ceremonies of Indian medicine men in coastal regions of North and South America. Its use had become widespread in
3、Europe by the late 1500s, but was not well received by all. King James I of England published what may be considered the first anti-smoking treatise in 1604, which described tobacco smoking as “a custom loathsome to the eye, hateful to the nose, harmful to the brain, dangerous to the lungs“. Despite
4、 King James effort, tobacco use, in the form of snuff dipping and pipe smoking spread in England and then quickly throughout the world. The English colonial companies, working against the wishes of the royal family, promoted the use of tobacco. Tobacco became a profitable export for the newly formed
5、 American colonies. It was not until the 20th century that large numbers of people began to use tobacco in a much more deadly form: cigarette. Cancers of the mouth, lips, throat and nose had already been linked with the use of snuff, cigars and pipes by a few astute (敏锐的) physicians. With the develo
6、pment of the blended cigarette, smokers had the “advantage“ of being able to inhale smoke into their lungs, more efficiently exposing the entire body to many of tobaccos harmful substances. The epidemic of cigarette-related diseases soon followed. The Great Cigarette Advertising Campaign Before 1915
7、, cigarettes were not particularly popular. However, beginning in World War I cigarette sales rose sharply, boosted by distribution to soldiers and sailors, the invention of match packs and an unprecedented postwar cigarette advertising campaign. During the war, General John J. Pershing stated “you
8、ask me what we need to win this war. I answer tobacco as much as bullets.“ Cigarettes were sent overseas to American troops. They were so much more convenient to smoke in the trenches than pipes or cigars. Millions of soldiers thus took up cigarette smoking during the war and continued their habit o
9、nce they returned home. The great 20th century cigarette advertising campaign began right after World War I, capitalizing on the patriotism that accompanied the war effort. The ads often featured testimonials (证明) by movie stars, athletes and even doctors, who went so far as to suggest that good hea
10、lth and good looks were the rewards of smoking. Some cigarette manufacturers made particularly bold health claims for their products, advertising that their brand could steady the nerves or even prevent smokers cough. The advertising campaigns were so effective that by 1939, a Fortune magazine surve
11、y showed that 53 percent of all adult American men smoked cigarettes (as did 66 percent of those under 40). The widespread use of cigarettes among women lagged some 25 to 30 years behind that of men. Although a few daring women had smoked cigarettes even before World War I, women did not take up smo
12、king in large numbers until the 1940s. During World War II, cigarettes were again sent free to American military. At home, cigarette advertising was targeted at females, who had taken over traditional male jobs. First Clues Unknown to the smoking public, an impressive amount of speculationand some h
13、ard scientific evidencewhich linked smoking with disease had emerged between 1920 and 1940. Tobacco companies chose to ignore this evidence and continued to promote cigarettes heavily. By todays standards, the medical evidence gathered against cigarettes by 1940 would have been enough to stimulate a
14、 thorough investigation of the matter and the extensive coverage in the popular press. Unfortunately, this was not the case at the time. Few people were aware of the evidence, and those were did not appear to be overly alarmed by it. This may have been due partially to the fact that cigarettes had b
15、ecome as common and as all-American as apple pies. People found it difficult to be suspicious of them. Also, the majority of American men were physically and psychologically dependent upon cigarettes. They did not want to believe bad news about something that would have been hard to give up. Finally
16、, the nation had developed a large economic stake in tobacco and thus was resistant to any information which could have endangered the success of both the industry and southern agriculture. Mounting Evidence During the 1950s, the evidence became increasingly difficult to ignore. In 1954, a landmark
17、study of smoking habits and mortality among physicians appeared in the British Medical Journal. Health professionals considered it the most impressive evidence to date of the life-shortening effects of smoking. By the middle of the decade there was a significant amount of solid medical evidence whic
18、h indicated that cigarette smoking increased the risk of lung cancer and other diseases. The data continued to accumulate throughout the decade. In 1957 and 1959 U.S. Surgeon General Leroy Burney issued statements indicating that the evidence was sufficient to implicate smoking as a causal factor in
19、 lung cancer. As the data came in, not only was its consistency undeniable, but the list of specific adverse effects of cigarette smoking continued to grow. What had started out as just a “lung cancer scare“ had become a more broadly based “health threat“. By 1960, the distribution of free cigarette
20、s at annual medical and public health meetings stopped. The tobacco industry (and articles in the popular press) continued to assert that there was still “controversy“ over the health effects of smoking. Still, it rushed to develop a cigarette that consumers would perceive as “less harmful“. In 1950
21、, only about two percent of cigarettes manufactured in the U.S. were filtered. Over the next several years the percentage of filtered cigarettes continued to grow. By the end of the decade it had reached 50 percent. Regulatory Action in the 1960s By the early 1960s, the scientific evidence against c
22、igarette smoking was overwhelming. Thus, when the first report of the Surgeon Generals advisory committee was released in 1964, it merely made official what the scientific community had known for some time. Surrounded by “No Smoking“ signs, reporters heard the grim warnings of the nations chief phys
23、ician, Surgeon General Luther Terry, and his ten-member panel of experts. One week after the release of Surgeon Generals report, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) proposed that all cigarette packages and advertising be required to carry a strong warning of the hazards of smoking. Although a weaker
24、version of the health warning did appear on cigarette packages beginning in 1966, it represented more of a victory for the tobacco industry than for public health. Instead of the explicit warning on cigarette packages and advertising called for by the FTC, the industry orchestrated (周密策划) a Congress
25、ional mandate (授权) for a vague “may be hazardous to your health“ statement on cigarette packages only. (The warning did not appear in cigarette advertising until several years later.) The anti-smoking ads were apparently effective in encouraging many to quitso effective, in fact, that the cigarette
26、industry announced its eagerness to withdraw all television and radio advertising. (Manufacturers knew that if cigarette ads were taken from the air, the free anti-smoking messages would have to go also.) A bill emerged from Congress in 1969, which banned all cigarette ads from the air as of midnigh
27、t January 1, 1971. On New Years Day of that year, the “Marlboro Man“ rode across the screen for the last time in a U.S. commercial. Cigarettes in the 1970s and 1980s In contrast to previous years, the remainder of the 1970s and the 1980s saw less federal regulatory and legislative action concerning
28、cigarettes. The FTC finally succeeded in ordering cigarette manufacturers to carry a health warning in all print advertising. (As expected, there had been a rapid proliferation in magazines, and newspapers of the cigarette ads which had been removed from the airwaves.) In 1984, Congress required tha
29、t the single warning label be replaced with four labels, rotating every three months, and later banned smoking on virtually all domestic flights. Surgeon General led the nation in the fight against tobacco-related disease. Regulation of smoking was more active below the federal level. Many states an
30、d cities passed legislation banning cigarette smoking in certain public places, such as trains, buses and subway stations. The efforts of grassroots non-smokers rights groups encouraged localities to aggressively pass and enforce new laws prohibiting sales of cigarettes to minors and requiring non-s
31、moking areas in restaurants, stores, theaters, sports schools and universities and government buildings. （分数：71.00）(1).Cigarettes became popular in Europe by the late 1500s.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(2).During World War II, more younger people took up smoking.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(3).Cigarettes manufacturers
32、 were eager to quit television and radio advertising because the cost of advertising was getting much higher.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(4).The primary purpose of the text is to discuss dangers of smoking.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(5).During the World War I, millions of American soldiers formed the habit of 1.（分数：
33、7.10）填空项 1:_(6).The number of women smokers started to increase greatly during 1.（分数：7.10）填空项 1:_(7).Between 1920 and 1940, some people were aware of the link between 1.（分数：7.10）填空项 1:_(8).To ensure their sales, some tobacco companies stated that there was still“ 1“ over the effects of cigarettes on
34、 health.（分数：7.10）填空项 1:_(9).During the 1960s, FTC required all cigarette packages and advertising to print an explicit warning of 1.（分数：7.10）填空项 1:_(10).Smoking was banned on almost all 1 in 1984.（分数：7.10）填空项 1:_三、Listening Comprehens(总题数：1，分数：15.00)A.The Tread Hall is on the left of a 20-storey bui
35、lding.B.The Tread Hall is on the right of a 20-storey building.C.The Tread Hall is behind a 20-storey building.D.The Tread Hall is next to a 20-storey building.A.Because the temperature can climb to 85 Fahrenheit.B.Because the temperature can climb to 95 Fahrenheit.C.Because the temperature can clim
36、b to 75 Fahrenheit.D.Because the temperature can climb to 105 Fahrenheit.A.She will not go to the park.B.She will go to the park.C.She likes to take a walk.D.She is too tired to take a walk.A.Sixteen below zero.B.Six below zero.C.Sixteen above zero.D.Six above zero.A.Because his watch has stopped.B.
37、Because his watch is slow.C.Because his watch is fast.D.Because his watch is lost.A.Winding the watch.B.Stopping the watch.C.Setting the watch by the radio.D.Asking Mary about the time.A.At 9:00.B.At 9:30.C.At 9:25.D.At 10:00.A.Professor and student.B.Doctor and patient.C.Waiter and customer.D.Clerk
38、 and customer.四、Section A(总题数：2，分数：10.00)A.George Washington.B.Thomas Jefferson.C.James Madison.D.Abraham Lincoln.A.A British doll.B.Her best white dress.C.Her son.D.A picture of George Washington.A.The entire house.B.Six rooms only.C.The gardens only.D.The East Room only.A.A bank clerk and customer
39、.B.Waiter and diner.C.Professor and student.D.Manger and secretary.A.500 euros.B.150 euros.C.5000 euros.D.1500 euros.A.At a bank.B.At a restaurant.C.On campus.D.At a post office.五、Section B(总题数：3，分数：30.00)A.Replacing the native corn with the hybrid corn.B.Replacing the hybrid corn with the native co
40、rn.C.Replacing the new type of corn with the traditional corn.D.Replacing the traditional corn with the native corn.A.Excellent quality.B.Large productivity.C.Good flavor.D.Both A and B.A.Because their wives didnt like it.B.Because it wasnt good for cooking.C.Because their wives didnt like the flavo
41、r.D.All of the above.A.The disadvantages of working in an office.B.The waste produced in an office.C.To save resources when working in an office.D.How to save water in a restroom.A.2.B.3.C.4.D.5.A.Using computers is a waste of resource.B.Many people dont turn off the computers after using them.C.Com
42、puters are run by electricity.D.A computer is not a must for working.A.We are short of paper.B.The printing is not important.C.We should save paper.D.We have to pay for the paper.A.Because it changes color in a regular 24-hour rhythm.B.Because it changes color in response to the suns rays.C.Because
43、it constantly changes color.D.Because it changes color every hour.A.To tell the crab what time it is.B.To protect the crab from the sunlight and enemies.C.To keep the crab warm.D.To be of no real use.A.They change color every 50 minutes.B.They change color more quickly.C.They change color more slowl
44、y.D.They change color on the same schedule.A.The Rhythmic Cycle of the Sun and the TideB.Discoveries in BiologyC.A Scientific StudyD.A Living Clock六、Section C(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Geography is the study of the (36) 1between people and the land. Geographers compare and (37) 2various places on the earth. Bu
45、t they also go beyond the (38) 3places and consider the earth as a whole. The word geography (39) 4from two Greek words, “ge“, the Greek word for “earth“, and “graphein“, which means “to write“. The English (40) 5 geography means “to describe the earth“. Some geography books (41) 6on a small area su
46、ch as a town or a city. Others deal with a state, a region, a nation, or even an entire (42) 7. Many geography books deal with the whole earth. Another way to divide the study of geography is to (43) 8between physical geography and cultural geography. The former es on the natural world; (44) 9. But
47、when geography is considered as a single subject, neither branch can neglect the other. (45) 10. If places were alike, there would be little need for geographers. (46) 11. Geography, then, is a point of view, a special way of looking at places. （分数：10.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项
48、 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_七、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：2，分数：177.00)Americans smoke six thousand million cigarettes every year (1970 figures). This is roughly the equivalent of 4,195 cigarettes a year for every person in the country of 18 years of age or more. It is estimated that 51% of American men smoke compared with 340,6 of American women. Since 1939, numerous scientific studies have been conducted to determine whether smoking is a health hazard. The trend of the evidence ha
