1、大学英语六级 63及答案解析(总分：448.01，做题时间：132 分钟)一、Part I Writing (3(总题数：1，分数：30.00)1.For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Should Euthanasia Be Legalized? You should write at least 150 words according to the outline given below in Chinese. 1安乐死应该合法化； 2安乐死不应合法化； 3我的观点。 （分
2、数：30.00）_二、Part II Reading C(总题数：1，分数：71.00)Programming languages are how people talk to computers. The computer would be just as happy speaking any language that was unambiguous. The reason we have high level languages is because people cant deal with machine language. The point of programming lang
3、uages is to prevent our poor frail human brains from being overwhelmed by a mass of detail. Architects know that some kinds of design problems are more personal than others. One of the cleanest, most abstract design problems is designing bridges. There your job is largely a matter of spanning a give
4、n distance with the least material. The other end of the spectrum is designing chairs. Chair designers have to spend their time thinking about human bodies. Software varies in the same way. Designing algorithms (运算法则) for routing data through a network is a nice, abstract problem, like designing bri
5、dges. Whereas designing programming languages is like designing chairs: its all about dealing with human weaknesses. Most of us hate to acknowledge this. Designing systems of great mathematical elegance sounds a lot more appealing to most of us than pandering to human weaknesses. And there is a role
6、 for mathematical elegance: some kinds of elegance make programs easier to understand. But elegance is not an end in itself. And when 1 say languages have to be designed to suit human weaknesses, I dont mean that languages have to be designed for bad programmers. In fact I think you ought to design
7、for the best programmers, but even the best programmers have limitations. I dont think anyone would like programming in a language where all the variables were the letter x with integer subscripts. If you look at the history of programming languages, a lot of the best ones were languages designed fo
8、r their own authors to use, and a lot of the worst ones were designed for other people to use. When languages are designed for other people, its always a specific group of other people: people not as smart as the language designer. So you get a language that talks down to you. Cobol (计算机通用语言) is the
9、 most extreme case, but a lot of languages are pervaded by this spirit. It has nothing to do with how abstract the language is. C is pretty low-level, but it was designed for its authors to use, and thats why hackers like it. The argument for designing languages for bad programmers is that there are
10、 more bad programmers than good programmers. That may be so. But those few good programmers write a disproportionately large percentage of the software. Im interested in the question, how do you design a language that the very best hackers will like? I happen to think this is identical to the questi
11、on, how do you design a good programming language? Give the Programmer as Much Control as Possible. Many languages (especially the ones designed for other people) have the attitude of a governess: they try to prevent you from doing things that they think arent good for you. I like the opposite appro
12、ach: give the programmer as much control as you can. When I first learned Lisp (表处理语言), what I liked most about it was that it considered me an equal partner. In the other languages I had learned up till then, there was the language and there was my program, written in the language, and the two were
13、 very separate. But in Lisp the functions and macros I wrote were just like those that made up the language itself. I could rewrite the language if I wanted. It had the same appeal as open-source software. Aim for Brevity. Brevity is underestimated and even scorned. But if you look into the hearts o
14、f hackers, youll see that they really love it. How many times have you heard hackers speak fondly of how in, say, APL, they could do amazing things with just a couple lines of code? I think anything that really smart people really love is worth paying attention to. I think almost anything you can do
15、 to make programs shorter is good. There should be lots of library functions; anything that can be implicit should be; the syntax (句法) should be simple; even the names of things should be short. And its not only programs that should be short. The manual should be thin as well. A good part of manuals
16、 (说明书) is taken up with clarifications and reservations and warnings and special cases. If you force yourself to shorten the manual, in the best case you do it by fixing the things in the language that required so much explanation. Admit What Hacking Is. A lot of people wish that hacking was mathema
17、tics, or at least something like a natural science. I think hacking is more like architecture. Architecture is related to physics, in the sense that architects have to design buildings that dont fall down, but the actual goal of architects is to make great buildings, not to make discoveries about st
18、atistics. What hackers like to do is make great programs. And I think, at least in our own minds, we have to remember that its an admirable thing to write great programs, even when this work doesnt translate easily into the conventional intellectual currency of research papers. Intellectually, it is
19、 just as worthwhile to design a language programmers will love as it is to design a horrible one that embodies some idea you can publish a paper about. How to Organize Big Libraries? Libraries are becoming an increasingly important component of programming languages. Theyre also getting bigger, and
20、this can be dangerous. If it takes longer to find the library function that will do what you want than it would take to write it yourself, then all that code is doing nothing but make your manual thick. So I think we will have to work on ways to organize libraries. The ideal would be to design them
21、so that the programmer could guess what library call would do the right thing. Are People Really Scared of Prefix Syntax? This is an open problem in the sense that I have wondered about it for years and still dont know the answer. Prefix syntax seems perfectly natural to me, except possibly for math
22、. But it could be that a lot of Lisps unpopularity is simply due to having an unfamiliar syntax. Whether to do anything about it, if it is true, is another question. What Do You Need for Server (服务器)-Based Software? I think a lot of the most exciting new applications that get written in the next twe
23、nty years will be Web-based applications, meaning programs that sit on the server and talk to you through a Web browser. And to write these kinds of programs we may need some new things. One thing well need is support for the new way that server-based applications get released. Instead of having one
24、 or two big releases a year, like desktop software, server-based applications get released as a series of small changes. You may have as many as five or ten releases a day. And as a rule everyone will always use the latest version. You know how you can design programs to be debug gable (调试器)? Well,
25、server-based software likewise has to be designed to be changeable. You have to be able to change it easily, or at least to know what is a small change and what is a momentous one. Another thing that might turn out to be useful for server based software, surprisingly, is continuations. In Web-based
26、software you can use something like continuation-passing style to get the effect of subroutines in the inherently stateless world of a Web session. Maybe it would be worthwhile having actual continuations, if it was not too expensive. What New Abstractions Are Left to Discover? Im not sure how reaso
27、nable a hope this is, but one thing I would really love to do, personally, is discover a new abstraction something that would make as much of a difference as having first class functions or recursion or even keyword parameters. This may be an impossible dream. These things dont get discovered that o
28、ften. But I am always looking for. （分数：71.00）(1).Designing algorithms (运算法则) for routing data through a network and designing bridges are both nice, abstract problems.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(2).Since languages have to be designed to suit human weaknesses, it has to be designed for bad programmers.（分数：7.
29、10）A.YB.NC.NG(3).Architecture is related to physics, so the actual goal of architects is to make discoveries about statistics.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(4).Libraries are getting bigger and this can be dangerous for programming languages.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(5).The point of programming languages is to preven
30、t our poor frail human brains from_.（分数：7.10）_(6).The argument for designing languages for bad programmers is that_.（分数：7.10）_(7).When I first learned Lisp, what I liked most about it was that it considered me（分数：7.10）_(8).Hackers could do amazing things in APL with just_.（分数：7.10）_(9).If you force
31、yourself to shorten the manual, in the best case you do it by _that required so much explanation.（分数：7.10）_(10).Web-based applications are programs that sit_ and talk to you through a Web browser.（分数：7.10）_三、Listening Comprehens(总题数：1，分数：15.00)A.He may convert it and use it as a restaurant.B.He may
32、pull it down and build a new restaurant.C.He may rent it out for use as a restaurant.D.He may sell it.A.The woman is upset because she didnt pass the examination.B.The woman doesnt hope for a promotion.C.The man gets used to counting on the woman.D.The man thinks that the women should be promoted.A.
33、He is very quiet.B.He gives amusing lectures.C.He should give more than one series of talks.D.He lectures only to the serious students.A.Mark doesnt like water.B.Mark doesnt belong here.C.Mark is like a fish.D.Mark is in this class.A.He was very slow in doing things.B.He was the right person to do s
34、uch a thing.C.He is expected to do such a thing.D.He would never do such a thing.A.A stormy ocean.B.Calm water.C.Golden sand.D.Little waves.A.He lost a button at work.B.He doesnt know where he put the calculator.C.He thinks he broke something the woman lent him.D.Hes not sure how to solve the math p
35、roblem.A.He is having a hard time letting his apartment.B.He prefers his old tenant to the new one.C.He is not accustomed to living with the new tenant yet.D.He doesnt want to lend his apartment to her.四、Section A(总题数：2，分数：10.00)A.Those who like the same things that you do.B.Those who you can argue
36、and not lose your temper.C.Those who you dont have to talk to all the time but can be silent with.D.All the above.A.To Jean, friendship is more important than life.B.To Jean, friendship is more important than love.C.To Jean, friendship is more important than anything else.D.To Jean, friendship is mo
37、re important than family members.A.Love can lead to a lot of hurt feelings.B.Love can lead to a lot of quarrels.C.Love can lead to a lot of bitterness.D.Friends are very important.A.Robert has lived in many places.B.Robert usually loses contact with his friends whenever he moves away.C.Robert doesnt
38、 write good letters.D.Robert believes that the friendship between him and his friends is just as strong as before though they are not living in the same area.A.To borrow his book.B.To talk about the term paper.C.To invite him to go canoeing.D.To ask him out for dinner.A.Food for the Friday night coo
39、kout.B.Tent for sleeping out.C.Drinks for all day Saturday.D.A bathing suit and a sleeping bag.A.Eating out.B.Camping.C.Canoeing.D.Swimming.A.The womans.B.Toms.C.The mans.D.The trip leaders.五、Section B(总题数：3，分数：30.00)A.Crowded air traffic.B.The large size of airplanes.C.Mistakes by air traffic contr
40、ollers.D.Bad weather.A.They bumped into each other over a swimming pool.B.They avoided each other by turning in different directions.C.They narrowly escaped crashing into each other.D.One plane climbed above the other at the critical moment.A.To show the key role played by air traffic controllers.B.
41、To show the great responsibility shouldered by the pilots.C.To give an example of air disasters.D.To show that air travel is far safer than driving a car.A.the Far East.B.Australia.C.England.D.America.A.Students from the Far East.B.Students from Singapore.C.Students have rich parents.D.Students have
42、 well-educated parents.A.Maths.B.Science.C.Physics.D.Chemistry.A.An investigation into how Americans spend their vacations.B.An opinion poll of how people should spend their leisure time.C.A poll of how employed Americans spend their leisure time.D.A report on the vacation plans of college graduates
43、 in America.A.Sightseeing.B.Visiting friends or relatives.C.Going to the beach.D.Playing sports.A.College students are more interested in sightseeing.B.Those with a high school degree only do not like playing sports.C.High school graduates enjoy being with their friends.D.People with lower incomes a
44、re more likely to spend their leisure time watching television.六、Section C(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Video recorders and photocopiers, even ticket machines on the railways, often seem unnecessarily difficult to use. Last December I bought myself a Video cassette recorder (36) 1as “simple to use“. In the first
45、three weeks I failed (37) 2to program the machine to record from the TV, and after months of practice I still made mistakes. I am not alone. According to a (38) 3last year by Ferguson, the British manufacturer, more than one in four VCR owners never use the timer on their machines to record a progra
46、mmer: they dont use it because theyve found it far too hard to operate. So why do manufacturers keep on designing and producing VCRs that are (39) 4 to use if the problems are so obvious? First, the problems we notice are not obvious to (40) 5 minded designers with years of experience and trained to
47、 understand how (41) 6work. Secondly, designers tend to add one or two features at a time to each model, (42) 7 you or I face all a machines features at once. Thirdly, although finding problems in a finished product is easy, it is too late by then to do anything about the design. Finally, if manufacturers can get away with selling products that are difficult to use, it is not worth the (43) 8of any one of them to make improvements. (44) 9. But that gives rise to
