1、大学英语六级 59 及答案解析(总分：427.98，做题时间：132 分钟)一、Part I Writing (3(总题数：1，分数：30.00)1.For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic How to Keep Healthy Psychologically? You should write at least 150 words according to the outline given below in Chinese. 1心理健康问题往往是导致疾病的原因 2分析人们产生
2、心理健康问题的原因(可从失业、压力过重、缺少支持、缺乏人际关系等方面加以分析) 3你认为人们应如何保持心理健康 （分数：30.00）_二、Part II Reading C(总题数：1，分数：71.00)Does Genetic Research Threaten Our Civil Liberties? The Current Genetic Research The science of genetics is a flourishing new industry, nourished in large part by the federally funded Human Genome P
3、roject. The goal of this ambitious research endeavor is to identify every gene found in the human body, perhaps 100,000 in all. Several months ago, the U.S. government and a private corporation announced that they had “completed“ the “map“ of the genome, although actually there are still many gaps.
4、Much related research focuses on genetic diagnostics tests designed to identify genes thought to be associated with various medical conditions. More than 50 new genetic tests have been identified in the past five years alone. The increasing speed, sophistication, affordability, and interconnectivity
5、 of computer systems allow the rapid monitoring and matching of many millions of records. A 1994 benchmark study by the ACLU found that “concerns about personal privacy run deep among the American people“. The promotion of an ideology of geneticization fosters the belief that genes are determinative
6、 of an individuals behavior, character, and future. Capitalist economic relations have created a scramble (争夺) for venture capital, the altering of patent laws, and calls for mass genetic testing by researchers who trade on the old image of the altruistic scientist to mask their conflicts of interes
7、t in testing labs, patents, consulting contracts, etc. The Technological Society Technologies are not value-neutral; they usually embody the perspectives, purposes, and political objectives of powerful social groups. The dominant ideology in Western society proclaims that science and technology are
8、value-neutral, and the only problems caused by technologies are either “externalities“ (unintended side effects) or abuses. However, because technologies are the result of human interventions into the otherwise natural progression of activities (and not acts of God or of nature), they are themselves
9、 actually imbued with human intentions and purposes. Current technologies do not equally benefit all segments of society (and indeed are not intended to do so), although to maximize public support for these developments and to minimize potential opposition, their proponents rarely acknowledge these
10、distributional ramifications (分歧). The United States is a society in which the differential access to wealth and power has been exacerbated during recent years. Thus, those people with more power can determine the kinds of technological developments that are researched and implemented. Because of th
11、eir size, scale, and requirements for capital investments and for knowledge, modern technologies are powerful interventions into the natural order. They tend to be the mechanisms by which already powerful groups extend, manifest, and further consolidate their powers. Thus, technologies themselves ar
12、e not neutral; they are social and political phenomena. Genetic technologies and computerization exhibit these characteristics, and reflect power differentials in the society. The results of technological advancement appear to offer a good futurecapabilities of enhanced surveillance (监视) and control
13、 over people and events, as well as promises of perfectionism (thus leading to both a loss of privacy and increased opportunities for discrimination by powerful entities). Predictability will replace a tolerance for natural variation and diversity. Loss of Privacy Genetic privacy, like medical priva
14、cy in general, involves notions of the dignity and integrity of the individual. Is data accurate? Can individuals access their own files? Can the donor correct inaccurate data? Are the custodians faithful and are technical security systems protecting the data where possible? Does die individual have
15、 control over which third parties are allowed access, and under what conditions? -Infant blood tests are stored in database. The U.S. Department of Defense insists on taking DNA samples from all its personnel, ostensibly for identification of those killed in action and body parts from military accid
16、ents despite the fact that the samples are to be kept for 50 years (long after people have left active duty). The program includes civilian employees. The agency refuses to issue regulations barring all third party use, and the Department will not accept waivers (弃权声明) from the next of kin (最近的亲属) o
17、f subjects not wanting to donate tissues. -The FBI has been promoting the genetic screening of criminals to establish state DNA identification data banks to be used in criminal investigations; indeed, Federal legislation penalizes states fiscally if they dont participate, and now all do. Yet the dat
18、a includes samples from those whose crimes have low recidivism (累犯) rates or dont leave tissue samples; in some states people merely accused are forced into the program, and in others there are politicians calling for an expansion along these lines, despite the Constitutional presumption of innocenc
19、e. -Infant blood samples, from the heel-sticks used to determine blood type and test for PKU, are stored as “Guthrie blots“. California alone has more than seven million in its repository. The American Civil Liberties Union advocates that “the decision to undergo genetic screening is purely personal
20、“ and it should not be “subject to control or compulsion by third parties“ or the government. And “where a person has intentionally undergone genetic screening procedures there must be no disclosure of findings to third parties without the express and informed consent of the subject given after the
21、results of the screening are made known to the subject and upon such times and conditions as the subject may require.“ Yet patients records “are commodities for sale,“ in the words of the New York Times a few years ago, and a panel of the U.S. National Research Council has warned that the computeriz
22、ed medical records of millions of citizens are open to misuse and abuse. Genetic Discrimination Genetic discrimination is the other major civil liberty threatened by genetic research. Scientists working with the Council for Responsible Genetics have documented hundreds of cases where healthy people
23、have been denied insurance or employment based on genetic “predictions.“ Of course, relatively few genetic diseases are deterministic; most tests (which have inherent limits themselves) cannot tell us if a genetic mutation will become manifest; if it does do so, it cannot tell us when in life this w
24、ill occur; and if it happens, how severe the condition will be. In addition, many genetic conditions can be controlled or treated by interventions and environmental changes. The growth of the mania (狂热) for testing in the U.S. is a manifestation of class relationships, through new technological poss
25、ibilities: Employers test employees, insurance companies and health organizations test patients, college officials test students, legislators pass bills to test a variety of disempowered groups (welfare recipients, prisoners, immigrants and the like). Such indignities are never foisted upon the ruli
26、ng class by the masses. Federal rules for medical privacy (including genetic information) were announced in August 2000, after weaker proposals by the Clinton Administration received a great deal of criticism. While providing standards for the disclosure of bio-information, the rules require that th
27、e patient only receive notice, not give consent; thus, there still would not be full patient control over sensitive information. The President has also announced his support of a Federal bill which would prohibit health insurance providers from using any type of genetic information for making decisi
28、ons about whether to cover a person or what premium to charge. This legislation would address some of the discrimination problems which have been occurring. And he has issued an Executive Order barring genetic discrimination in Federal employment. Conclusion Beyond the risks of discrimination and lo
29、ss of privacy, however, societys fascination with genetic determinism has other social and political consequences. An overemphasis on the role of genes in human health neglects environmental and social factors, thus contributing to the image of people with “defective“ genes as “damaged goods“. This,
30、 in effect, encourages a “blame the victim“ mindset, directly contrary to the public policy embodied in the Americans with Disabilities Act, now 10 years old. Economic and social resources end up being diverted into finding biomedical “solutions“ while social measures get badly needed. Although new
31、technologies claim to offer us more “freedom“, they really can threaten our civic values. This is certainly true of the new biology. （分数：71.00）(1).New technologies do not benefit everyone equally.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(2).The U.S. Department of Defense bars third-party use of employees DNA samples.（分数：
32、7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(3).FBI criminal data includes DNA samples collected from the convicted as well as the accused.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(4).Genetic engineering technology is helpful to improve peoples health conditions.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(5).The goal of the Human Genome Project is to_.（分数：7.10）_(6).Technol
33、ogies are not value-neutral but are_ phenomena.（分数：7.10）_(7).Genetic privacy is as real a concern as_ for the dignity and integrity of the individual.（分数：7.10）_(8).Many healthy people have been denied insurance or employment because of_.（分数：7.10）_(9).The growing fascination with genetic testing in t
34、he U.S. partly reflects_.（分数：7.10）_(10).Besides genes,_ factors also play a role in our fate.（分数：7.10）_三、Listening Comprehens(总题数：1，分数：15.00)A.It has nothing to do with the Internet.B.She needs another week to get it ready.C.It contains some valuable ideas.D.Its far from being ready yet.A.The woman
35、is strict with her employees.B.The man always has excuses for being late.C.The woman is a kind-hearted boss.D.The mans alarm clock didnt work that morning.A.The woman should try her luck in the bank nearby.B.The bank around the comer is not open today.C.The woman should use dollars instead of pounds
36、.D.The bank near the railway station closes late.A.Make an appointment with Dr. Chen.B.Wait for about three minutes.C.Call again some time later.D.Try dialing the number again.A.He is sure they will succeed in next test.B.He did no better than the woman in the test.C.He believes she will pass the te
37、st this time.D.He felt upset because of her failure.A.The woman has to attend a summer course to graduate.B.The man thinks the woman can earn the credits.C.The woman is begging the man to let her pass the exam.D.The woman is going to graduate from summer school.A.Fred is planning a trip to Canada.B.
38、Fred usually flies to Canada with Jane.C.Fred persuaded Jane to change her mind.D.Fred likes the beautiful scenery along the way to Canada.A.Hang some pictures for decoration.B.Find room for the paintings.C.Put more coats of paint on the wall.D.Paint the walls to match the furniture.A.Hell give a le
39、cture on drawing.B.He doesnt mind if the woman goes to the lecture.C.Hed rather not go to the lecture.D.Hes going to attend the lecture.A.Selecting the best candidate.B.Choosing a campaign manager.C.Trying to persuade the woman to vote for him.D.Running for chairman of the student union.四、Section A(
40、总题数：2，分数：10.00)A.How to care for precious metals.B.A standard unit for measuring weight.C.The value of precious metals.D.Using the metric system.A.To check the accuracy of scales.B.To calculate the density of other metals.C.To observe changes in the atmosphere.D.To measure amounts of rainfall.A.Some
41、one spilled water on it.B.Someone lost it.C.It was made of low quality metal.D.The standard for measuring had changed,A.It is a small amount to pay for so much precious metal.B.It is difficult to judge the value of such an object.C.It is reasonable for an object with such an important function.D.It
42、is too high for such a light weight.A.He stayed in bed.B.He tried to get outside.C.He cried for help.D.He became mad.A.He was suffering from a heart trouble because of the sudden earthquake.B.He went to bed so late the previous night that he wasnt woken up by the earthquake.C.He was having terrible
43、flu.D.He was having spiritual disease.A.The first earthquake did wake him up but he didnt realize what was happening.B.The first earthquake woke up the man but he didnt want to leave his house.C.The man wasnt woken up by the first earthquake.D.The man was hurt by the earthquake.A.2 oclock in the mor
44、ning.B.3 oclock in the morning.C.4 oclock in the morning.D.2:30 in the morning.五、Section B(总题数：3，分数：10.00)A.Because it is difficult to maintain a marriage.B.Because people like watching TV programs.C.Because people prefer freedom to self-discipline.D.Because our society is permissive towards divorce
45、s.A.The freedom to have other sexual relations.B.The desire to follow every of ones impulse.C.The will to keep his or her own income.D.The wish to be his or her true self.A.A man and a woman should follow every of their own impulse respectively.B.A good-marriage takes some level of compromise betwee
46、n the husband and the wife.C.A man and a woman should both have to endure dreadful self-sacrifice of the soul.D.A woman should stop growing or changing.A.The growth of Queens University.B.A transition in university education.C.Major differences between secondary schools and colleges.D.The beginning
47、of public education in Canada.A.In 1876.B.In 1884.C.In 1892.D.In 1900.A.Economics.B.English literature.C.Greek.D.Psychology.A.One.B.Two.C.Three.D.Four.A.Nothing about the mountains.B.The real experience of being in the mountains.C.Mountain climbing with family members.D.Skills of rock climbing.A.Mountain climbing.B.Rock climbing.C.Hiking.D.Fishing.A.Because the mountain is over 12,000 feet high.B.Because he had no experience since he left
