1、大学英语六级 271及答案解析(总分：448.02，做题时间：132 分钟)一、Part I Writing (3(总题数：1，分数：30.00)1.For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a letter of application. You should write no less than 150 words and base your composition on the outline below: 1渴求工作的愿望 2技能和经历 3联系方式 （分数：30.00）_二、Part II Reading C(总题数：
2、1，分数：71.00)Programming languages Programming languages are how people talk to computers. The computer would be just as happy speaking any language that was unambiguous. The reason we have high level languages is because people cant deal with machine language. The point of programming languages is to
3、 prevent our poor frail human brains from being overwhelmed by a mass of detail. Architects know that some kinds of design problems are more personal than others. One of the cleanest, most abstract design problems is designing bridges. There your job is largely a matter of spanning a given distance
4、with the least material. The other end of the spectrum is designing chairs. Chair designers have to spend their time thinking about human bodies. Software varies in the same way. Designing algorithms (运算法则) for routing data through a network is a nice, abstract problem, like designing bridges. Where
5、as designing programming languages is like designing chairs: its all about dealing with human weaknesses. Most of us hate to acknowledge this. Designing systems of great mathematical elegance sounds a lot more appealing to most of us than pandering to human weaknesses. And there is a role for mathem
6、atical elegance: some kinds of elegance make programs easier to understand. But elegance is not an end in itself. And when I say languages have to be designed to suit human weaknesses, I dont mean that languages have to be designed for bad programmers. In fact I think you ought to design for the bes
7、t programmers, but even the best programmers have limitations. I dont think anyone would like programming in a language where all the variables were the letter x with integer subscripts. If you look at the history of programming languages, a lot of the best ones were languages designed for their own
8、 authors to use, and a lot of the worst ones were designed for other people to use. When languages are designed for other people, its always a specific group of other people: people not as smart as the language designer. So you get a language that talks down to you. Cobol (计算机通用语言) is the most extre
9、me case, but a lot of languages are pervaded by this spirit. It has nothing to do with how abstract the language is. C is pretty low-level, but it was designed for its authors to use, and thats why hackers like it. The argument for designing languages for bad programmers is that there are more bad p
10、rogrammers than good programmers. That may be so. But those few good programmers write a disproportionately large percentage of the software. Im interested in the question, how do you design a language that the very best hackers will like? I happen to think this is identical to the question, how do
11、you design a good programming language? Give the Programmer as Much Control as Possible. Many languages (especially the ones designed for other people) have the attitude of a governess: they try to prevent you from doing things that they think arent good for you. I like the opposite approach: give t
12、he programmer as much control as you can. When I first learned Lisp (表处理语言), what I liked most about it was that it considered me an equal partner. In the other languages I had learned up till then, there was the language and there was my program, written in the language, and the two were very separ
13、ate. But in Lisp the functions and macros I wrote were just like those that made up the language itself. I could rewrite the language if I wanted. It had the same appeal as open-source software. Aim for Brevity. Brevity is underestimated and even scorned. But if you look into the hearts of hackers,
14、youll see that they really love it. How many times have you heard hackers speak fondly of how in, say, APL, they could do amazing things with just a couple lines of code? I think anything that really smart people really love is worth paying attention to. I think almost anything you can do to make pr
15、ograms shorter is good. There should be lots of library functions; anything that can be implicit should be; the syntax (句法) should be simple; even the names of things should be short. And its not only programs that should be short. The manual should be thin as well. A good part of manuals (说明书) is t
16、aken up with clarifications and reservations and warnings and special cases. If you force yourself to shorten the manual, in the best case you do it by fixing the things in the language that required so much explanation. Admit What Hacking Is. A lot of people wish that hacking was mathematics, or at
17、 least something like a natural science. I think hacking is more like architecture. Architecture is related to physics, in the sense that architects have to design buildings that dont fall down, but the actual goal of architects is to make great buildings, not to make discoveries about statistics. W
18、hat hackers like to do is make great programs. And I think, at least in our own minds, we have to remember that its an admirable thing to write great programs, even when this work doesnt translate easily into the conventional intellectual currency of research papers. Intellectually, it is just as wo
19、rthwhile to design a language programmers will love as it is to design a horrible one that embodies some idea you can publish a paper about. How to Organize Big Libraries? Libraries are becoming an increasingly important component of programming languages. Theyre also getting bigger, and this can be
20、 dangerous. If it takes longer to find the library function that will do what you want than it would take to write it yourself, then all that code is doing nothing but make your manual thick. So I think we will have to work on ways to organize libraries. The ideal would be to design them so that the
21、 programmer could guess what library call would do the right thing. Are People Really Scared of Prefix Syntax? This is an open problem in the sense that I have wondered about it for years and still dont know the answer. Prefix syntax seems perfectly natural to me, except possibly for math. But it co
22、uld be that a lot of Lisps unpopularity is simply due to having an unfamiliar syntax. Whether to do anything about it, if it is true, is another question. What Do You Need for Server (服务器)-Based Software? I think a lot of the most exciting new applications that get written in the next twenty years w
23、ill be Web-based applications, meaning programs that sit on the server and talk to you through a Web browser. And to write these kinds of programs we may need some new things. One thing well need is support for the new way that server-based applications get released. Instead of having one or two big
24、 releases a year, like desktop software, server-based applications get released as a series of small changes. You may have as many as five or ten releases a day. And as a rule everyone will always use the latest version. You know how you can design programs to be debug gable (调试器)? Well, server-base
25、d software likewise has to be designed to be changeable. You have to be able to change it easily, or at least to know what is a small change and what is a momentous one. Another thing that might turn out to be useful for server based software, surprisingly, is continuations. In Web-based software yo
26、u can use something like continuation-passing style to get the effect of subroutines in the inherently stateless world of a Web session. Maybe it would be worthwhile having actual continuations, if it was not too expensive. What New Abstractions Are Left to Discover? Im not sure how reasonable a hop
27、e this is, but one thing I would really love to do, personally, is discover a new abstractionsomething that would make as much of a difference as having first class functions or recursion or even keyword parameters. This may be an impossible dream. These things dont get discovered that often. But I
28、am always looking for. （分数：71.00）(1).Designing algorithms (运算法则) for routing data through a network and designing bridges are both nice, abstract problems.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(2).Since languages have to be designed to suit human weaknesses, it has to be designed for bad programmers.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.N
29、G(3).Architecture is related to physics, so the actual goal of architects is to make discoveries about statistics.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(4).Libraries are getting bigger and this can be dangerous for programming languages.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(5).The point of programming languages is to prevent our poor f
30、rail human brains from_.（分数：7.10）_(6).The argument for designing languages for bad programmers is that_.（分数：7.10）_(7).When I first learned Lisp (表处理语言). what I liked most about it was that it considered me_.（分数：7.10）_(8).Hackers could do amazing things in APL with just_.（分数：7.10）_(9).If you force yo
31、urself to shorten the manual, in the best case you do it by_that required so much explanation.（分数：7.10）_(10).Web-based applications are programs that sit_and talk to you through a Web browser.（分数：7.10）_三、Listening Comprehens(总题数：1，分数：15.00)A.She will be a candidate next year.B.She doesnt believe the
32、 news.C.The news will disappoint Mary.D.The news upset her.A.Shell take care of her sister.B.Shed go jogging with the man.C.Shes going to look after her sisters child.D.Shes engaged to someone else.A.1 dollar.B.50 cents.C.90 cents.D.95 cents.A.He hasnt talked to his brother since he transferred.B.He
33、 doesnt think his brother should transfer.C.His brother doesnt want to transfer.D.He hadnt heard the news about his brother.A.Its too late to find a tutor.B.The man shouldnt hire the same tutor that she had.C.She isnt prepared for the midterm exam either.D.The man should hire a tutor before the midt
34、erm exam.A.He already knew about the problem.B.Theres nothing wrong with the washing machine.C.Someone has started fixing the washing machine.D.No one complained about the washing machine today.A.The woman should not be angry with her friends.B.The woman should not get involved at all.C.He will expl
35、ain to the woman what happened.D.He wants to talk to Cindy and Mark.A.He is not equal to the job.B.He is not well paid for his work.C.He cannot keep his mind on his work.D.He doesnt think the job is challenging enough.四、Section A(总题数：2，分数：10.00)A.He picked up some apples in his yard.B.He cut some br
36、anches off the apple tree.C.He quarreled with his neighbor over the fence.D.He cleaned up all the garbage in the womans yard.A.Trim the apple trees in her yard.B.Pick up the apples that fell in her yard.C.Take the garbage to the curb for her.D.Remove the branches from her yard.A.File a lawsuit again
37、st the man.B.Ask the man for compensation.C.Have the mans apple tree cut down.D.Throw garbage into the mans yard.A.He was ready to make a concession.B.He was not prepared to go to court.C.He was not intimidated.D.He was a bit concerned.A.Find out about a course.B.See an adviser.C.Drop off a paper.D.
38、Go to a meeting.A.Paint a landscape.B.Give an oral report.C.Take a final exam.D.Buy several books.A.Come to her office before her meeting.B.Change his major.C.Meet with her tomorrow.D.Discuss the class with his roommate.五、Section B(总题数：3，分数：30.00)A.The growth of Queens University.B.A transition in u
39、niversity education.C.Major differences between secondary schools and colleges.D.The beginning of public education in Canada.A.In 1876.B.In 1884.C.In 1892.D.In 1900.A.Economics.B.English literature.C.Greek.D.Psychology.A.Soil.B.Human population.C.Forest.D.Water.A.By using satellite images, maps, etc
40、.B.By studying specific farming methods.C.By studying the variation of human population.D.By analyzing the quality of crops.A.By forcing them farming.B.By affecting the quality of soils.C.By adding chemicals and pollute the waterways.D.By affecting the environments they live in.A.Quite similar.B.Not
41、 similar.C.Exactly the same.D.Greatly different.A.Your ears.B.Your body.C.Your brain and your ears.D.Your ears and your whole body.A.Brain.B.Heart.C.Brain and muscle.D.Brain and heart.六、Section C(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The more women and (36) 1make their way into the ranks of management, the more they seem
42、to want a talk about things (37) 2judged to be best left unsaid. The newcomers also tend to see office matters with a (38) 3eye, in the process sometimes coming up with (39) 4 analyses of the forces that (40) 5everyones experience in the organization. Consider the novel views of Harvey Coleman of At
43、lanta on the subject of getting ahead. Coleman is black. He spent 11 years with IBM, half of them working in management development, and now serves as a (41) 6to the likes of AT performance counts a mere 10%, image, 30%, and exposure, a full 60%. Coleman concludes that (44) 9, it wont secure you the
44、 big promotion. He finds that advancement more often depends on how many people know you and your work, and how high up they are. Ridiculous beliefs? Not to many people, (45) 10. “Women and blacks in organizations work under false beliefs,“ says Kaleen Jamison, a New York-based management consultant
45、 who helps corporations deal with these issues. “They think that if you work hard, youll get aheadthat someone in authority will reach down and give you promotion.“ She adds, “Most women and blacks are so frightened that people will think theyve gotten ahead because of their sex or color that they p
46、lay down their visibility.“ Her advice to those folks: (46) 11. （分数：10.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_七、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：2，分数：177.00)In department stores and closets all over the world, they are waiting. Their outward appearance seems rather appealing because they come in a variety of styles, textures, and colors. But they are ultimately the biggest deception that exists in the fashion industry today. What are they? They are high heels a woman
