1、大学英语六级 242 及答案解析(总分：448.02，做题时间：132 分钟)一、Part I Writing (3(总题数：1，分数：30.00)1.For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a letter. Suppose you are graduating from the university this summer and you are going to apply for a job. You should write no less than 150 words and you should base your c
2、omposition on the outline given in Chinese below: 假设你是一位即将毕业于南京大学电子计算机系的学生，你从报纸上看到某公司招聘一名电子计算机工程技术口译人员的广告，请你写一封求职信说明你应聘的理由。 （分数：30.00）_二、Part II Reading C(总题数：1，分数：71.00)A few years ago an Italian friend of mine traveled by train from Boston to Providence. She had only been in America for a couple w
3、eeks and hadnt seen much of the country yet. She arrived looking astonished. “Its so ugly!“ People from other rich countries can scarcely imagine the squalor (肮脏) Of the man-made bits of America. In travel books they show you mostly natural environments: the Grand Canyon, Whitewater rafting, horses
4、in a field. If you see pictures with man-made things in them, it will be either a view of the New York skyline shot from a discreet distance, or a carefully cropped image of a seacoast town in Maine. How can it be, visitors must wonder. How can the richest country in the world look like this? Oddly
5、enough, it may not be a coincidence. Americans are good at some things and bad at others. Were good at making movies and software, and bad at making cars and cities. And I think we may be good at what were good at for the same reason were bad at what were bad at. Were impatient. In America, if you w
6、ant to do something, you dont worry that it might come out badly, or upset delicate social balances, or that people might think youre getting above yourself. If you want to do something, as Nike says, just do it. This works well in some fields and badly in others. I suspect it works in movies and so
7、ftware because theyre both messy processes. “Systematic“ is the last word Id use to describe the way good programmers write software. Code is not something they assemble painstakingly after careful planning, like the pyramids. Its something they plunge into, working fast and constantly changing thei
8、r minds, like a charcoal sketch (铅笔画的草图). In software, paradoxical as it sounds, good craftsmanship means working fast. If you work slowly and meticulously, you merely end up with a very fine implementation of your initial, mistaken idea. Working slowly and meticulously is premature optimization. Be
9、tter to get a prototype done fast, and see what new ideas it gives you. It sounds like making movies works a lot like making software. Every movie is a Frankenstein (毁灭创造者之物), full of imperfections and usually quite different from what was originally envisioned. But interesting, and finished fairly
10、quickly. I think we get away with this in movies and software because theyre both malleable mediums. Boldness pays. And if at the last minute two parts dont quite fit, you can figure out some hack that will at least conceal the problem. Not so with cars, or cities. They are all too physical. If the
11、car business worked like software or movies, youd surpass your competitors by making a car that weighed only fifty pounds, or folded up to the size of a motorcycle when you wanted to park it. But with physical products there are more constraints. You dont win by dramatic innovations so much as by go
12、od taste and attention to detail. The trouble is, the very word “taste“ sounds slightly ridiculous to American ears. It seems pretentious, or frivolous, or even effeminate. Blue staters think its “subjective“, and red staters think its for sissies. So anyone in America who really cares about design
13、will be sailing upwind. Twenty years ago we used to hear that the problem with the US car industry was the workers. We dont hear that any more now that Japanese companies are building cars in the US. The problem with American cars is bad design. You can see that just by looking at them. Why do the J
14、apanese make better cars than us? Some say its because their culture encourages cooperation. That may come into it. But in this case it seems more to the point that their culture prizes design and craftsmanship. For centuries the Japanese have made finer things than we have in the West. When you loo
15、k at swords they made in 1200, you just cant believe the date on the label is right. Presumably their cars fit together more precisely than ours for the same reason their joinery (木工职业) always has. Theyre obsessed with making things well. Ditto for houses. In America you can have either a flimsy box
16、 banged together out of two by fours and drywall, or a McMansion a flimsy box banged together out of two by fours and drywall, but larger, more dramatic-looking, and full of expensive fittings. Rich people dont get better design or craftsmanship; they just get a larger, more conspicuous version of t
17、he standard house. We dont especially prize design or craftsmanship here. What we like is speed, and were willing to do something in an ugly way to get it done fast. In some fields, like software or movies, this is a net win. But its not just that software and movies are malleable mediums. In those
18、businesses, the designers (though theyre not generally called that) have more power. Soft ware companies, at least successful ones, tend to be run by programmers. And in the film industry, though producers may second-guess directors, the director controls most of what appears on the screen. And so A
19、merican software and movies, and Japanese cars, all have this in common: the people in charge care about design the former because the designers are in charge, and the latter because the whole culture cares about design. Instead of relying on their own internal design compass, American car companies
20、 try to make what marketing people think consumers want. But it isnt working. American cars continue to lose market share. And the reason is that the customer doesnt want what he thinks he wants. Letting focus groups design your cars for you only wins in the short term. In the long term, it pays to
21、bet on good design. Cars arent the worst thing we make in America. Where the just-do-it model fails most dramatically is in our cities. If real estate developers operated on a large enough scale, if they built whole towns, market forces would compel them to build towns that didnt suck. But they only
22、 build a couple office buildings or suburban streets at a time, and the result is so depressing that the inhabitants consider it a great treat to fly to Europe and spend a couple weeks living what is, for people there, just everyday life. But the just-do-it model does have advantages. It seems the c
23、lear winner for generating wealth and technical innovations. I think speed is the reason. Its hard to create wealth by making a commodity. The real value is in things that are new, and if you want to be the first to make something, it helps to work fast. For better or worse, the just-do-it model is
24、fast. If I had to choose between the just-do-it model and the careful model, Id probably choose just-do-it. But do we have to choose? Could we have it both ways? Could Americans have nice places to live without undermining the impatient, individualistic spirit that makes us good at software? Could o
25、ther countries introduce more individualism into their technology companies and research labs without having it metastasize as strip malls? Im optimistic. Its harder to say about other countries, but in the US, at least, I think we can have both. Apple is an encouraging example. Theyve managed to pr
26、eserve enough of the impatient, hackerly spirit you need to write software. And yet when you pick up a new Apple laptop, well, it doesnt seem American. Its too perfect. It seems as if it must have been made by a Swedish or a Japanese company. I think well gradually see national characters superseded
27、 by occupational characters: hackers in Japan will be allowed to behave with a willfulness that would now seem unJapanese, and products in America will be designed with an insistence on taste that would now seem unAmerican. Perhaps the most successful countries, in the future, will be those most wil
28、ling to ignore what are now considered national characters, and do each kind of work in the way that works best. （分数：71.00）(1).Generally speaking, Japans economy is developing faster than American economy.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(2).The author thinks that good programmers write software in a systematic w
29、ay.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(3).With physical products the only thing you need is good taste and attention to detail.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(4).Rich people get a house with the same design or craftsmanship as the standard house.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(5).Americans are good at_, and bad at making cars and cities.（
30、分数：7.10）_(6).Nikes slogan is_.（分数：7.10）_(7).In software, paradoxical as it sounds, good craftsmanship means_.（分数：7.10）_(8).Instead of_, American car companies try to make what marketing people think consumers want.（分数：7.10）_(9).The just-do-it model does have advantages. It seems the clear winner for
31、_.（分数：7.10）_(10).Apple is an encouraging example in managing to preserve enough of_ you need to write software.（分数：7.10）_三、Listening Comprehens(总题数：1，分数：15.00)A.Go to the concert.B.Go to work.C.See her friends as planned.D.Finish her homework.A.She doesnt feel that now is the right time.B.She wonder
32、s if they really need to do so.C.Shes writing her seminar presentation now.D.Shes suggesting that they talk about it later.A.Shes going to earn more money.B.She is writing a book on literature.C.She has met some interesting students.D.She is enjoying reading good books.A.It was badly performed.B.He
33、liked it very much.C.The actors were enthusiastic.D.It was funny.A.The kilogram.B.The energy content.C.Heat energy of water.D.The calorie.A.Mr. Smith will be replaced if he makes another mistake.B.Mr. Smith is an admirable chief of the Asian Department.C.Mr. Smiths department is more successful than
34、 all the others.D.Mr. Smith is seldom in his office.A.At the movie theatre.B.At a cafeteria.C.At the Zoo.D.At the library.A.Winter is his favorite time for sports.B.Sports are quite important to him.C.He should be more enthusiastic.D.He plays better than he used to.四、Section A(总题数：2，分数：10.00)A.Becau
35、se she wanted to know if everything was OK with her parents.B.Because she wanted to invited her parents to Billys birthday party.C.Because she wanted to tell her parents that everything was OK with her children.D.Because she wanted to tell her parents that Tom was given a raise.A.He is raising funds
36、 for his company.B.He loves working on cars.C.He is Mr. Davis good friend.D.He has been rewarded for his work.A.One son and one daughter.B.Two sons and two daughters.C.One son and two daughters.D.Two sons and two daughters.A.On May 24th.B.Not mentioned.C.On May 23rd.D.In July,A.The presence of life-
37、forms far below the Earths surface.B.The risk of infection from rare strains of bacteria.C.Fictional representations of a hidden underground world.D.The reliability of evidence collected by new drilling methods.A.Its texture.B.Its size.C.Its preservation.D.Its shape.A.The bacteria would be killed by
38、 the human immune system.B.The bacteria would die if brought to the surface.C.Many antidotes and remedies are available.D.Drilling operations are always closely monitored.五、Section B(总题数：3，分数：30.00)A.She couldnt get admitted to a medical school.B.She decided to further her education in Paris.C.A ser
39、ious eye infection stopped her quest.D.It was difficult for her to start medical practice in the United States.A.She became the first female physician.B.She was the first woman surgeon.C.She and several other women founded the first hospital for women and children.D.She established the first medical
40、 school for women.A.She was a woman.B.She wrote too many letters.C.She couldnt graduate from a medical school.D.She couldnt establish her hospital.A.Their term.B.Their duties.C.Their function.D.Their composition.A.The senate in Britain is older.B.There are more senate members.C.The senate in US is m
41、ore practical.D.The senate in Britain is not elected.A.Every 2 years.B.Whenever one dies or must resign.C.Every 6 years.D.Every 4 years like the president.A.The coffee market in Boston.B.The role of supermarkets in the coffee business.C.A new trend in the United States.D.The advertising of a new pro
42、duct.A.Gourmet coffee is less expensive.B.Regular brands of coffee have too much caffeine.C.Gourmet coffee tastes better.D.Gourmet coffee is grown in the United States.A.They will run out of coffee.B.They will successfully compete with gourmet coffee sellers.C.They will introduce new regular brands
43、of coffee.D.They will lose some coffee business.六、Section C(总题数：1，分数：10.00)More and more, the operations of our businesses, governments, and (36) 1institutions are controlled by information that exists only inside computer memories. Anyone clever enough to (37) 2 this information for his own purpose
44、s can reap (收割) substantial rewards. Even worse, a number of people who have done this and been caught at it have (38) 3 to get away without punishment. Its easy for computer crimes to go (39) 4 if no one checks up on what the computer is doing. But even if the crime is detected, the criminal may wa
45、lk away not only unpunished but with a glowing (40) 5from his former employers. Of course, we have no (41) 6on crimes that go undetected. But its (42) 7to note how many of the crimes we do know about were detected by accident, not by systematic inspections or other (43) 8procedures. The computer cri
46、minals who have been caught may be the victims of uncommonly bad luck. For example, a certain keypunch operator complained of having to stay overtime to punch extra cards. Investigation revealed that the extra cards she was being asked to punch were for dishonest transactions. (44) 9. Unlike other l
47、awbreakers, who must leave the country, commit suicide, or go to jail, (45) 10. All too often, their demands have been met. Why? (46) 11. They hesitate at the thought of a criminal boasting in open of how he juggled the most confidential records right under the noses of the companys executives, accountants, and staff. And so another computer criminal departs with just the s he needs to continue his crimes elsewhere. （分数：
