1、大学英语六级 222 及答案解析(总分：428.02，做题时间：132 分钟)一、Part I Writing (3(总题数：1，分数：30.00)1.For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic To Curb Spending. You should write at least 150 words according to the outline given below in Chinese. 1现在许多大学生普遍花钱大手大脚，消费水平高 2有人认为社会整体生活水平提高了，大学生
2、花钱多一些无可厚非 3你的看法 （分数：30.00）_二、Part II Reading C(总题数：1，分数：71.00)Coping with Climate Change What we have learned so far about how climate changes is affecting our global environment. Studies show that it adversely affects human and natural systems by reducing biodiversity, impairing biological and chem
3、ical cycles and making it more difficult to restore degraded ecosystems. Climate is not the only factor in the deterioration of natural systems. We are making big changes to the landscape, altering land use and land cover in major ways. These changes combined present a challenge to environmental man
4、agement. Adaptive management is a scientific approach to managing the adverse impacts of climate and landscape change. Nature and Impacts of Climate Change Every week it seems there is an article about global warming in the news media. It may be difficult for some to grasp the big picture of the iss
5、ue, but in general, climate change has already or is expected to -increase temperatures, particularly in the interior of continents, toward the poles and in winter -boost precipitation (降水量) in wetter areas and suppress precipitation in drier areas -increase rain and decrease snow -lessen peak sprin
6、g runoff and cause more even year-round flows of water, thereby reducing water availability during summer irrigation and navigation seasons -increase evaporation of water during the summer -enhance the likelihood of lower mean lake levels, drier wetlands, and water shortages, particularly in mountai
7、n regions -raise the frequency and magnitude of extreme weather events, such as hurricanes, tornadoes, and floods -raise global sea levels, causing some populated coastal areas to become inundated (被淹没的) -reduce the extent and duration of Arctic sea ice with adverse consequences for marine mammals -
8、increase the loss of glaciers in middle and equatorial latitudes, including premier mountain ecosystems such as Glacier National Park in Montana Global average temperature has increased by about 0.6 over the past 100 years, with a major warming upswing in the 1970s. Warming is the result, in part, o
9、f rapid increases in emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG), particularly carbon dioxide (CO2), which is a byproduct of the combustion of fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas, used for power generation and transportation. When global temperatures rise and precipitation patterns change, it i
10、s expected there will be consequences on ecosystems, such as an increase in the spread of exotic species; redistribution of plants, animals, energy, water, and nutrients; alteration of natural processes and the structure and function of ecosystems. Northerly latitudes are particularly vulnerable to
11、climate change. The Arctic Council, an intergovernmental forum for Arctic nations and indigenous people, reported that the northern ice cap is warming at twice the global rate and the Arctic region is expected to warm at two to three times the rate for the rest of the world. Arctic warming will have
12、 serious consequences on human and ecology. Nature and Impacts of Landscape Change Landscape change results from natural disturbances and human activities. Natural disturbances include fire, windstorms, avalanches, landslides, tree fall, floods, and insect epidemics. Human activities causing landsca
13、pe change include conversion of forestland to agriculture, drainage of wetlands, and forest fragmentation from road construction and timber harvesting. Human activities often have a more significant effect on landscapes than natural disturbances because they alter the availability of energy, water,
14、and nutrients to ecosystems; increase the spread of exotic species; accelerate natural processes of ecosystem change; and adversely affect the structure and functioning of ecosystems. Human-induced landscape change has accelerated during the past several decades because of rapid population and econo
15、mic growth, particularly in countries such as China, India, and Brazil. Landscape change has contributed to a dramatic 1,000-fold increase in species extinction over the past 400 years. On a global basis, nearly 1.2 million km2 of forest and woodland and 5.6 million km2 of grassland and pastureland
16、have been converted to other uses. During the last three centuries, 12 million km2 of cropland were lost. Between 1982 and 1997, 121,000 km2 of non-federal land were urbanized in the United States. More than 90 percent of the land in the lower 48 states has been logged, plowed, mined, grazed, paved,
17、 or otherwise modified from previous conditions. Human-induced landscape change significantly affects wildlife. For example, between 1970 and 2000, rural residential development in the Montana and Wyoming portions of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem increased 400 percent. Consequently, current and
18、potential grizzly bear habitat on private lands in the ecosystem has been degraded and fragmented. Double-digit growth in residential subdivisions adjacent to the National Elk Refuge in Jackson, Wyoming, has diminished winter range for the 10,000 elk that use the refuge and displaced corridors that
19、elk use to reach summer range in Yellowstone and Grand Teton National Parks. Another example of significant impacts from landscape change is the Crown of the Continent Ecosystem. This ecosystem covers the Rocky Mountains in British Columbia and Alberta, Canada, and western Montana, United States. He
20、re are some specifics: -Most old-growth forests that once existed outside of protected parks and wilderness areas have been harvested. -Many rivers in the region have been altered by hydroelectric power development. -Significant farm, ranch, and forest acreage has been converted to homes and commerc
21、ial developments. -Lakes and streams have been polluted by agricultural and urban runoff. -Fish and wildlife habitats have been degraded. -Active and proposed energy developments threaten protected areas. -Large areas have been invaded by nonnative species. The desire to preserve the outstanding wil
22、dlife (especially large carnivores) and environmental amenities (舒适|) from the negative effects of rapid economic growth and development in the northern Rocky Mountain region prompted creation of the Yellowstone to Yukon Conservation Initiative. The initiative involves 300 conservation organizations
23、 and covers an area larger than the states of California and Texas combined, including the Greater Yellowstone and Crown of the Continent Ecosystems. Coping with Climate and Landscape Change Although climate and landscape change has positive effects on human and natural systems, it is expected to ha
24、ve many adverse impacts that deserve attention. Ecosystems have an inherent capacity to resist climate and landscape change, known as ecological resilience (复原能) When this capacity is exceeded, the ecosystem can change in ways that may not be socially and ecologically acceptable. So what can be done
25、? Mitigation strategies can reduce ecosystem vulnerability. Mitigation strategies are actions to prevent, reduce, or slow climate and/or landscape change. The Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, which took effect in February 2005, is a prime example of a clim
26、ate change mitigation strategy. The protocol commits 36 industrialized countries to curb GHG emissions, especially CO2. Limiting increases in global temperature by 2 would require keeping atmospheric concentrations of CO2 below 400 parts per million (ppm). Current concentrations are about 375 ppm. B
27、enefits of the Kyoto Protocol may be limited because it does not include some developed countries, which emit substantial GHGs, and developing countries where rapid population and economic growth is expected to dramatically increase GHG emissions. Other mitigation strategies include increasing the u
28、se of alternative energy sources and technologies (clean coal, renewable energy, ethanol, hybrid vehicles, and nuclear power). Although the United States did not sign the Kyoto Protocol, 28 states have programs to curb CO2 emissions, and at least 166 U.S. cities have agreed to apply the Kyoto emissi
29、on reduction standards to their communities. Other initiatives, like the Apollo Alliance, bring together labor unions, environmental and business groups, and activist organizations with the mission of sharply reducing U.S. dependence on fossil fuels. The alliance is seeking ways to do the following:
30、 -power the economy with hydrogen produced from renewable energy resources -implement green construction codes -revitalize urban centers to reduce urban sprawl -determine how industry can store rather than emit carbon into the atmosphere The Apollo Alliance expects to invest $300 billion in new ener
31、gy technologies and energy conservation over 10 years as a way to eliminate U.S. dependence on foreign oil and create millions of good-paying jobs. These funds would be raised using tax incentives, public bonds, capital strategies, and other mechanisms. （分数：71.00）(1).The article tells us that climat
32、e and landscape change adversely affects our global environment.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(2).Global warming only results from rapid increases in emissions of greenhouse gases.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(3).The Arctic is warming faster than the rest of the world.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(4).Global warming leads to many
33、new diseases.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(5).Compared with human activities,_ have a less important impact on landscapes.（分数：7.10）_(6).Wildlife is significantly affected by_.（分数：7.10）_(7).Most old-growth forests that are outside of protected parks and_ have been harvested.（分数：7.10）_(8).When ecological resili
34、ence is exceeded, the ecosystem becomes_ unacceptable.（分数：7.10）_(9).There are mitigative ways to help reduce_.（分数：7.10）_(10).The Kyoto Protocol requires_ to curb GHG emissions, especially CO2.（分数：7.10）_三、Listening Comprehens(总题数：1，分数：15.00)A.She was afraid of the professor.B.She didnt enter her hous
35、e.C.She didnt make full preparations for her lessons,D.She lost her key.A.In Canada.B.In their homeland.C.Not in Canada.D.In the U. S.A.To go to Mount Lu.B.To go to work in a factory.C.To go back home.D.To stay at the school.A.He had better stop taking the cough medicine.B.He will take another medic
36、ine instead of this.C.He should have patience to cure his cough.D.He should take the medicine for a long time.A.Because they have some financial problems.B.Because there will be much rain in May.C.Because they wont have free time until after May.D.Because they wont have got everything ready by then.
37、A.The woman is a better mechanic than he is.B.He might help the woman much.C.He doesnt know a lot about newer cars.D.The woman shouldnt buy a used car.A.He will get his watch fixed.B.He will arrive at classes on time.C.He will stop disrupting the class.D.He will watch his classmates reaction.A.He wa
38、s badly injured.B.He lost his seat belt.C.His car broke down.D.He was slightly hurt.四、Section A(总题数：2，分数：10.00)A.She will stay home.B.She will go the concert with Abruzzi.C.She will invite Abruzzi to a concert.D.She has not decided yet.A.She doesnt want to hurt Abruzzi by refusing again.B.She is afr
39、aid that she might lose Abruzzi.C.She wants to have a change after a busy week.D.She cant think of a reason not to accept Abruzzis invitation again.A.She has been studying late into night all week.B.She has made plans to work late all week.C.She has not been free to go out with Abruzzi all week.D.Sh
40、e has been busy tidying up her apartment all week.A.Abruzzi is very patient and determined.B.Lindas roommate does most of the cleaning in their apartment.C.Linda doesnt really care for Abruzzi.D.Linda likes concert better than shows.A.A book called Psychology and the Modern Age.B.A social book calle
41、d the Modern Age.C.A book called Physiology and the Modern Age.D.A book called Sociology and the Modern Age.A.The book has been sold.B.The book has been lost.C.The book has been reserved.D.The book has been borrowed by the professor.A.Its down the hall and to the right.B.Its up the hall and to the r
42、ight.C.Its down the hall and to the left.D.Its up the hall and to the left.A.That way, the book stays in the library, and all students have a chance to read it.B.That way, the book stays in the library, and not all students have a chance to read it.C.That way, the book stays in the professors, and a
43、ll students have a chance to read it.D.That way, the book stays in the professors, and not all students have a chance to read it.五、Section B(总题数：3，分数：10.00)A.Training given to musicians.B.How music prevents disease.C.How musicians create music.D.Studies on the benefits of music.A.They liked to have
44、music in the operating room.B.They solved problems better while listening to music they liked.C.They preferred classical music to pop music.D.They performed better when they used headphones.A.It increased the students blood pressure.B.It increased some students energy level.C.It released a natural p
45、ainkiller in some students bodies.D.It improved the students ability to play musical instrument s.A.Call on people to protect sharks.B.Point out the living environment of sharks.C.Explain why the sharks are dangerous.D.An introduction to sharks.A.By good sense of water waves made by quarries.B.By go
46、od sense of smell and electrical magnetic power.C.By good sense of light.D.By good sense of blood.A.Bone structure.B.Smell ability.C.Birth mode.D.Recover ability against disease.A.Their tasty meat.B.The principle of their defense system against disease.C.Their solid skin.D.The principle of their bir
47、th modes.A.Sewage and industrial waste.B.Oil pollution on the beach.C.Oil discharged at sea when people cleaning oil tanks.D.The oil that leaks out after ship collisions.A.200, 000 tons.B.2 million tons.C.20 million tons.D.2,000 tons.A.How to find the way to exam polluted sea fish.B.Sea fish will be polluted when you eat it next time.C.More and more sea fish will be polluted soon.D.Sea fish will be free from
