1、大学英语六级 109及答案解析(总分：428.03，做题时间：132 分钟)一、Part I Writing (3(总题数：1，分数：30.00)1.For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a letter to apply for a position. You should write at least 150 words following the instructions given below: 假如你叫方小宇，你在北京青年报看到以下招聘广告，请就此写一封求职信： X 公司诚聘文秘一员，要求如下： 本科以上学历；有良好的沟
2、通和协调能力；精通英语和计算机者优先。 应聘者请将简历寄至：北京市中关村北路108号紫光大厦人力资源部，邮编 10008l （分数：30.00）_二、Part II Reading C(总题数：1，分数：71.00)Designs on life Even if youre thinking big, you usually have to start small. It is especially true for a group of Swiss students who found that big means counting to infinity. The team was dra
3、wing up a blueprint for the worlds first counting machine made entirely of biological parts. Although they had their sights on loftier numbers, they opted to go no higher than two. If the plan worked, it would be a proof-of-principle for a much larger tallying device(计算装置). The group, from the Feder
4、al Institute of Technology (ETH) in Zurich, was one of 17 teams presenting their projects at the first international Intercollegiate Genetically Engineered Machine (IGEM) competition, held at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge on 5 and 6 November. The event attracted studen
5、ts from all over the world to design and build machines made entirely from biological components such as genes and proteins. They drew up grand designs for bacterial Etch-a-Sketches, photosensitive t-shirts, thermometers and sensors. And if none of the designs succeeded completely, that was more bec
6、ause of the limitations of the new-born science of synthetic biology than any lack of enthusiasm, creativity or hard work. Synthetic biology Synthetic biology aims to merge engineering approaches with biology. Researchers working at the most basic level are copying simple biological processes, such
7、as the production of a protein from a gene. They break the process down into its component elements, such as a gene and the pieces of DNA and other molecules that control its activity. They then string these elements together to build a module they know will behave in a particular way say, oscillate
8、 between producing and not producing a protein, or produce a protein that can switch another module on or off. It is these kinds of components oscillators (震荡器) and switches that engineers order from suppliers and link together to build more complex electronic circuits and machines. Synthetic biolog
9、ists are trying to develop a similar armoury of biological components, dubbed BioBricks, that can be inserted into any genetic circuit to carry out a particular function. Scientists at MIT have established a Registry of Standard Biological Parts, a catalogue of BioBricks that theoretically can be or
10、dered and plugged into a cell, just as resistors and transistors can be ordered and plugged into electronic circuitry. But it is hard to find scientists who are trained and interested in both biology and engineering to fuel the development of this new science. So, like true engineers, the founding s
11、ynthetic biologists are trying to build their future colleagues from the ground up. To do so, they have commandeered a time-honoured engineering tradition: the student competition. The IGEM event began life as a project class for MIT students in 2003. Last year, it was thrown open to other US univer
12、sities, and this year it went international. The organizers hope to attract 30 to 50 teams next year, including some from Asia. Competitive culture Much like the robot competitions that tap into students desire to build something cool, the IGEM jamborees (国际性少年大会) fire the participants natural curio
13、sity hopefully encouraging biologists to learn something from engineers, and vice versa. “If you want to make something in this field, you cant just get some glue out and stick two cells together,“ says Randy Rettberg of MIT, who organized the competition. “You have to learn some biology to do it, a
14、nd its easy to do that during the competition because you know exactly why youre doing it.“ This year, the teams presented an eclectic selection of designs. Students from the University of Cambridge, UK, tried to make a circuit that could control the movement of Escherichia coli bacteria. They aimed
15、 to engineer the bacteria to contain a switch governing their sensitivity to the sugar maltose. With the switch off, the microbes would ignore the sugar. Tripping the switch would make the bacteria sensitive to the sugar and induce them to move towards it. In the end, the group like almost every oth
16、er entrant had trouble completing assembly of its genetic parts in time. Many of the other students also tackled problems related to bacterial communication and motion. The team from Pennsylvania State University designed a bacterial relay race, which it hoped would bring synthetic biology into the
17、realm of sports an innovation that won it an award for the Best New Sport at the end of the competition. A team from the University of Oklahomas Advanced Center for Genome Technology in Norman tried to exploit the sugar arabinose as an engine to drive bacterial motion. Teams from the University of T
18、oronto and the University of California, San Francisco, built concepts for bacterial thermometers; and groups from Harvard, Toronto and Princeton designed bacterial illustrators and Etch-a-Sketches. Detection and sensing were also popular, with groups from Davidson College and MIT focusing in this a
19、rea. And a lab at the California Institute of Technology tackled a problem raised at last years event: designing biological memory. Students from the University of Texas demonstrated the worlds first bacterial photography system. The team engineered a plate of E. coli so that they would respond to l
20、ight and has since used the invention to take numerous photos, including shots of the groups adviser, Andrew Ellington. Piece by piece As well as helping students to bridge the divide between disciplines, the competition gave them firsthand experience of life in the lab. All hit obstacles assembling
21、 their parts into coherent devices. It is still difficult to dissect the different genetic components of the circuits, stitch them together and get them to work in live cells. As Emanuel Nazareth reported, the students all learned one hard truth: “You can never allocate enough time for assembly.“ Th
22、is hints at a larger problem in synthetic biology. The field aims to build up a library of parts that can be interchanged in circuits with minimal effort. But that goal is not yet a reality as DNA sequencing and assembling technologies are still a bit too expensive and complex. “Were not organized a
23、t the community level around fabrication,“ says MITs Drew Endy, one of the founders of the field and of the Registry of Standard Biological Parts. These difficulties need to be overcome before biological components will be as easy to deploy as their engineering counterparts. Another learning experie
24、nce was the reminder that, even stripped down to its basic components, biology can be complex and unpredictable. A team from the University of California, Berkeley, for instance, tried to design an entirely new way for cells to communicate. This is a potentially important because it would enable cel
25、ls to send and receive information, forming interlocking cell circuits instead of relying on simple gene circuits built in single cells. The team hoped to exploit a natural method used by bacteria to exchange genetic information. In this, two bacteria connect their respective cell walls together usi
26、ng a structure called a pilus(菌毛). The group managed to trigger the connection response with synthetic circuits. But the bacteria turned out to be so eager to join up that they did so in huge bunches and once they did, it was hard to separate them. “They dont really conjugate one at a time,“ said te
27、am spokeswoman Melissa Li. “They can go, but they cant stop.“ The living end As Rettberg points out, there are a lot of sceptics. “Theres a big question, which is: can you build simple biological systems out of interchangeable parts and make them work in living cells?“ he says. “We think you can, bu
28、t theres a lot of people who think the other way and say biology is simply so complex you cant do it.“ Given these concerns, it is no surprise that researchers have decided to keep things as simple as possible. As Robin Knzler said in introducing the project: “In the beginning we talked about counti
29、ng to infinity, but we thought maybe wed start by counting to two.“ Despite this narrowed scope, the students faced a formidable challenge. They designed a series of devices: the first takes in a signal, which is then passed to an event processor. This processor a genetic circuit splits the signal i
30、nto two components. A third circuit does the counting and generates a read-out. （分数：71.00）(1).A group of Swiss students designed the worlds first counting machine made entirely of biological parts.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(2).Synthetic biology is a very new science which has many limitations.（分数：7.10）A.YB
31、.NC.NG(3).The goal of synthetic biology is to combine engineering methods with biology.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(4).There are many scientists who are skilled in both biology and engineering.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(5).According to Randy Rettberg, it is easy to_ during the competition because you know exactly w
32、hy youre doing it.（分数：7.10）_(6).Many students in the IGEM competition tried to deal with problems related to bacterial_.（分数：7.10）_(7).Students from the University of Texas used the worlds first bacterial photography system to take_.（分数：7.10）_(8).Two goals of the IGEM are to help students to bridge_
33、and to give them_.（分数：7.10）_(9).A team from the University of California tried to exploit a natural method used by bacteria to_.（分数：7.10）_(10).To make a biological tallying device, the students designed a series of devices: the first device_; the second is_ and the third_.（分数：7.10）_三、Listening Compr
34、ehens(总题数：1，分数：15.00)A.Playing the piano.B.Typing.C.Making a photocopy.D.Taking a picture.A.Students with a library card can check any book out.B.Reference books are not allowed to be checked out.C.Only students with a library card can check out reference books.D.The number of books a student can ch
35、eck out it unlimited.A.Fifty students.B.Forty students.C.Twenty-five students.D.Fifteen students.A.It was interesting.B.It was funny.C.It was boring.D.It was terrible.A.Boss-Secretary.B.Client-Lawyer.C.Student-Teacher.D.Patient-Nurse.A.Hes unable to appear in court.B.He wishes he could be a better s
36、tudent.C.He plays tennis better than she does.D.Hes not so enthusiastic about academics.A.Tom is unable to hear well.B.Tom didnt say anything at the meeting.C.Tom doesnt listen to him.D.Tom went out before the meeting was over.A.To cancel his trip.B.To catch a later flight.C.To go to bed early.D.To
37、ask for a wake-up call.四、Section A(总题数：2，分数：10.00)A.She cant find a job.B.She doesnt know how to manage a book store.C.She wants to quit her current job in the IBM office.D.She has no idea which of the two job offers is better.A.She will earn less.B.It takes too much time to go there.C.It has nothin
38、g to do with her study.D.She has no interest in mat field.A.Accept the job offer from the book store.B.Accept the job offer from IBM.C.In the holiday work in IBM and in the next school year work in the book store.D.Give up both offers and find another one in the next school year.A.North of Los Angel
39、es.B.Between Los Angeles and San Diego.C.East of San Diego.D.Los Angeles.A.They are a type of insect.B.They are a kind of fish.C.They are a type of bird.D.They are a type of pig.A.In March.B.In early summer.C.In October.D.In April.A.About 200 miles.B.About 1,000 miles.C.About 7,000 miles.D.About 5,0
40、00 miles.五、Section B(总题数：3，分数：10.00)A.Because he wanted to steal a violin and take it out with him.B.Because he was planning to commit a crime.C.Because he was going to earn money by playing his violin in the street.D.Because he was going to return home.A.He stood in the middle of the payment.B.He s
41、tood under a bridge near the station.C.He stood on a bridge near the station.D.He stood in front of the station.A.He was full of confidence at his success.B.He felt like a circus performer.C.He felt as if he had been performing all his life.D.He was determined to travel round the world.A.How John Mi
42、lton Wrote Paradise Lost.B.How John Milton Became a Poet.C.How John Milton Studied Latin.D.How John Milton Became Famous.A.It had a strange accent.B.It was difficult to understand.C.It had a strong Italian accent.D.It was easy to understand.A.He was well-known in the world.B.He was very strange.C.He
43、 was clever and hard working.D.He was quick at Latin and poems.A.The colonists preferred corn bread.B.Corn was more abundant.C.The colonists did not know how to make wheat bread.D.Corn bread did not spoil as rapidly as wheat bread did.A.It was easy to ship from England.B.Horses occasionally ate it i
44、f there was no grain available.C.People took it with them when they traveled.D.It was easy to prepare over an open fire in the forests.A.It tends to vary geographically.B.It corresponds to an individuals social class.C.It changes over a period of time.D.It depends on whether or not the individual is
45、 a gourmet.A.Because it was more nutritious than other type of bread.B.Because it did not require yeast.C.Because it stayed fresh for a long time.D.Because it took less time to brake.六、Section C(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Knowledge may be acquired through conversation, watching television or traveling, but the
46、deepest and most (36) 1 way is through reading. If we consider the (37) 2 population of the world, we may conclude that a few spend their whole lives on academic reading; many read something light for (38) 3, and a few dip into something more serious now and then; while very many men, women and chil
47、dren never advance (39) 4the sports page of a newspaper, a fashion article or the (40) 5. If you have learnt to love books as a child, the reading habit will never (41) 6you. But if this has not been your good (42) 7, you tend to think of reading as a bore. A few, but very few, come to the habit late in life. In order to (43) 8 to read one must be curious. (44) 9. But many fail to do so either because of an over-strict system where
