1、大学英语六级-17 及答案解析(总分：429.85，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Writing(总题数：1，分数：106.00)1.1现在很多大学生消费水平普遍提高2有人认为社会整体生活水平提高了，大学生花钱多一些无可厚非3你的看法（分数：106.00）_二、Part Reading Compr(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Cross-Cultural Communication ChallengesDefinition of CultureWe all communicate with others all the time-in our homes, in our workpla
2、ces, in the groups we belong to, and in the community. No matter how well we think we understand each other, communication is hard. Just think, for example, how often we hear things like; “He doesnt get it,“ or “She didnt really hear what I meant to say.“ “Culture“ is often at the root of communicat
3、ion challenges. Our culture influences how we approach problems, and how we participate in groups and in communities. When we participate in groups we are often surprised at how differently people approach their work together.Culture is a complex concept, with many different definitions. But, simply
4、 put, “culture“ refers to a group or community with which we share common experiences that shape the way we understand the world. It includes groups that we are born into, such as gender, race, or national origin. It also includes groups we join or become part of. For example, we can acquire a new c
5、ulture by moving to a new region, by a change in our economic status, or by becoming disabled. When we think of culture this broadly, we realize we all belong to many cultures at once.Our histories are a critical piece of our cultures. Historical experiences-whether of five years ago or of ten gener
6、ations back- shape who we are. Knowledge of our history can help us understand ourselves and one another better. Exploring the ways in which various groups within our society have related to each other is key to opening channels for cross-cultural communication.Six Fundamental Patterns of Cultural D
7、ifferencesAs people from different cultural groups take on the exciting challenge of working together, cultural values sometimes conflict. We can misunderstand each other, and react in ways that can hinder what are otherwise promising partnerships. Oftentimes, we arent aware that culture is acting u
8、pon us. Sometimes, we are not even aware that we have cultural values or assumptions that are different from others!Different Communication StylesThe way people communicate varies widely between, and even within, cultures. One aspect of communication style is language usage. Across cultures, some wo
9、rds and phrases are used in different ways. For example, even in countries that share the English language, the meaning of “yes“ varies from “maybe, Ill consider it“ to “definitely so,“ with many shades in between.Another major aspect of communication style is the degree of importance given to non-v
10、erbal communication. Non-verbal communication includes not only facial expressions and gestures; it also involves seating arrangements, personal distance, and sense of time. In addition, different norms regarding the appropriate degree of assertiveness in communicating can add to cultural misunderst
11、andings. For instance, some white Americans typically consider raised voices to be a sign that a fight has begun, while some black, Jewish and Italian Americans often feel that an increase in volume is a sign of an exciting conversation among friends. Thus, some white Americans may react with greate
12、r alarm of a loud discussion than would members of some American ethnic or non-white racial groups.Different Attitudes Toward ConflictSome cultures view conflict as a positive thing, while others view it as something to be avoided. In the U.S., conflict is not usually desirable; but people often are
13、 encouraged to deal directly with conflicts that do arise. In fact, face-to-face meetings customarily are recommended as the way to work through whatever problems exist. In contrast, in many Eastern countries, open conflict is experienced as embarrassing or demeaning; as a rule, differences are best
14、 worked out quietly. A written exchange might be the favored means to address the conflict.Different Approaches to Completing TasksFrom culture to culture, there are different ways that people move toward completing tasks. Some reasons include different access to resources, different judgments of th
15、e rewards associated with task completion, different notions of time, and varied ideas about how relationship-building and task-oriented work should go together.When it comes to working together effectively on a task, cultures differ with respect to the importance placed on establishing relationship
16、s early on in the collaboration. A case in point, Asian and Hispanic cultures tend to attach more value to developing relationships at the beginning of a shared project and more emphasis on task completion toward the end as compared with European-Americans. European Americans tend to focus immediate
17、ly on the task at hand, and let relationships develop as they work on the task. This does not mean that people from any one of these cultural backgrounds are more or less committed to accomplishing the task, or value relationships more or less; it means they may pursue them differently.Different Dec
18、ision-Making StylesThe roles individuals play in decision-making vary widely from culture to culture. For example, in the U.S., decisions are frequently delegated-that is, an official assigns responsibility for a particular matter to a subordinate. In many Southern European and Latin American countr
19、ies, there is a strong value placed on holding decision-making responsibilities oneself. When decisions are made by groups of people, majority rule is a common approach in the U.S.; in Japan consensus is the preferred mode. Be aware that individuals expectations about their own roles in shaping a de
20、cision may be influenced by their cultural frame of reference.Different Attitudes Toward DisclosureIn some cultures, it is not appropriate to be frank about emotions, about the reasons behind a conflict or a misunderstanding, or about personal information. Keep this in mind when you are in a dialogu
21、e or when you are working with others. When you are dealing with a conflict, be mindful that people may differ in what they feel comfortable revealing. Questions that may seem natural to you-What was the conflict about? What was your role in the conflict? What was the sequence of events?-may seem in
22、trusive to others. The variation among cultures in attitudes toward disclosure is also something to consider before you conclude that you have an accurate reading of the views, experiences, and goals of the people with whom you are working.Different Approaches to KnowingNotable differences occur amo
23、ng cultural groups when it comes to epistemologies (认识论)-that is, the ways people come to know things. European cultures tend to consider information acquired through cognitive means, such as counting and measuring, more valid than other ways of coming to know things. Compare that to African culture
24、s preference for affective ways of knowing, including symbolic imagery and rhythm.Asian cultures epistemologies tend to emphasize the validity of knowledge gained through striving toward transcendence (卓越). (Nichols, 1976) Recent popular works demonstrate that our own society is paying more attentio
25、n to previously overlooked ways of knowing. ConclusionAn appreciation of patterns of cultural difference can assist us in processing what it means to be different in ways that are respectful of others, not fault-finding or damaging.Anthropologists Avruch and Black have noted that, when faced by an i
26、nteraction that we do not understand, people tend to interpret the others involved as “abnormal“, “weird“ or “wrong“. (Avruch and Black, 1993) This tendency, if indulged, gives rise on the individual level to prejudice. If this propensity is either consciously or unconsciously integrated into organi
27、zational structures, then prejudice takes root in our institutions-in the structures, laws, policies, and procedures that shape our lives. Consequently, it is vital that we learn to control the human tendency to translate “different from me“ into “less than me“. We can learn to do this.We can also l
28、earn to collaborate across cultural lines as individuals and as a society. Awareness of cultural differences doesnt have to divide us from each other. It doesnt have to paralyze us either, for fear of not saying the “right thing“. In fact, becoming more aware of our cultural differences, as well as
29、exploring our similarities, can help us communicate with each other more effectively. Recognizing where cultural differences are at work is the first step toward understanding and respecting each other.（分数：10.00）(1).In a broad sense, people all belong to many cultures.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(2).Jewish and
30、Italian Americans usually think a raised voice means a beginning of a fight.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(3).In some Eastern countries, face-to-face meetings are favored to work through the conflicts.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(4).Even people from the same cultural background complete their tasks differently.（分数：1.00）填空项 1
31、:_(5).Communication challenges result from differences in _.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(6).Cross-cultural communication begins when people understand how _ relate to each other within our society.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(7).In Japan people preferred making their decisions on the basis of _.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(8).When ass
32、essing different attitudes toward disclosure, we should take _ into consideration.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(9).Africans regard _ as affective ways of knowing things.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(10).Communication becomes efficient when people understand _ of cultures.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_三、Part Listening Com(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、S
33、ection A(总题数：4，分数：98.00)(1).A. The goals of the employees. B. The objectives of the organization.C. The structure of the organization. D. The personal prospect of the leader.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2).A. The rewards for the leader. B. The reputation of a leader.C. The approach to achieving goals. D. The p
34、ayment of employees.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3).A. Find something you are passionate about. B. Learn how to run a business.C. Make a business out of something. D. Learn how to manage and lead people.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(1).A. They can improve their teams defense very quickly.B. They have lots of three-point s
35、hooters.C. Their team members can shoot accurately.D. Their three-point shooters are better than other teams.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2).A. He thinks it perfect for him.B. He is satisfied with everything he has.C. He is not satisfied with the place of his office.D. He is not satisfied with the salary he ge
36、ts.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3).A. She has changed her schedule.B. She works less than she used to.C. She is going to ask for a leave on Wednesdays.D. She is going to have her vacation on Tuesdays.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(1).A. Robert survived the plane crash.B. All the passengers were killed in the plane crash.C.
37、 Robert was killed in the air crash.D. Robert is a wonderworking person.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2).A. She feels very hot in the room. B. She wants to avoid meeting people.C. She wants to smoke a cigarette outside. D. She doesnt like the smell of smoke inside.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3).A. He might help the woman
38、 much. B. The woman shouldnt buy a used car.C. He doesnt know a lot about new cars. D. The woman is a better mechanic than he is.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(4).A. He shouldnt have apologized.B. He will find a better way of apologizing.C. He couldnt find a right word to make an apology.D. His friend is asking
39、for more than just an apology.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(5).A. The man should start running daily.B. She also prefers to exercise in the afternoon.C. Its important to warm up before exercising.D. The man should continue his exercise program.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(1).A. Ask himself a lot of questions. B. Know his
40、own needs and wants.C. Figure out what his audience is interested in. D. Put his notes in order ahead.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2).A. Summarize the material which is familiar to the listeners.B. Give detailed facts and numbers that the audience have known.C. Ask the audience many questions.D. Give different
41、 ideas which are beyond the audiences understanding.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3).A. A good speaker knows clearly what he needs and wants.B. A good speaker knows its very important to attract the attention of his audience.C. A good speaker has to give his audience some in-depth views.D. A good speaker knows
42、how he delivers his speech determines the audiences feedback.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.五、Section B(总题数：3，分数：70.00)(1).A. The weather will be clear and fine. B. Rain will probably come.C. There will be a fog. D. Fine weather will continue.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2).A. The following day will be fine. B. Fine weather
43、 will continue.C. Rainy weather will probably come. D. The rain will stop.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3).A. By studying the signs around them with eyes and brains. B. By changing the weather.C. By controlling the weather.D. By listening to others advice.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(1).A. The group rinsing with carbohydr
44、ate drinks.B. The group rinsing with sugar-free water.C. The group swallowed carbohydrate drinks.D. The group swallowed sugar-free water.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2).A. The heart. B. The muscles. C. The brain. D. The legs.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3).A. Riders rinsing with carbohydrate liquids made less effort than
45、 those rinsing with water.B. The heart rates of riders rinsing with carbohydrate liquids are lower than those rinsing with water.C. Swallowing carbohydrate liquids makes sports players less tired.D. Rinsing with carbohydrate liquids helps sport players fight fatigue.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.Passage Two（分数：2
46、8.00）(1).A. A housewife. B. A singer.C. A teacher. D. A musician.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2).A. The violin was too heavy for her. B. She was too young to play the violin.C. The violin was too expensive. D. Her mother wanted her to play the piano.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3).A. To play the violin on a concert. B. T
47、o go to New York City.C. To apply for a scholarship. D. To have her performance taped.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(4).A. In 1928. B. In 1982.C. In 1980. D. In 1920.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.六、Section C(总题数：1，分数：17.00)“Avoid the rush hour“ must be the slogan of large cities the world over. If it is, its a (36) no one ta
48、kes the least notice of. Twice a day, with (37) regularity, the pot boils over. Wherever you look, its people, people, people. The trains which leave or arrive every few minutes are packed: an endless (38) of human sardine tins. The streets are so (39) , there is hardly room to move on the (40) . The queues for buses reach (41) proportions. It takes ages for a bus to get to you because the traffic on the roads has (42) come to a (43) .Large modern cities are too big to control. They condition the lifestyle of the people .who inhabit them. (44) . They lose touc
