1、大学英语六级-177 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)三、Passage 1(总题数：1，分数：20.00)Looked at your child“s handwriting lately (or your own) and thought it could use some improvement? Then did you wonder: Does it even matter in this age of digital correspondence? Turns out, it may. In today“s Wall Street Journal story,
2、 we talk about new research 1 how handwriting helps with learning letters and shapes, can improve idea 2 and expression and may even 3 fine motor skill development. Even adults can benefit from the practice when studying new graphically different languagessuch as Chineseor symbols in sciences such a
3、s chemistry. Some physicians say it could help keep our minds 4 as we age. 5 , it may be modern technology that gives a boost to handwriting“s resurgence (复兴). For anyone whose kids balk at (畏缩) or have 6 with traditional handwriting instruction, the arrival of new educational 7 for the iPhone, iPod
4、, iPad and other touch screen devices may come as a welcome teaching aid. We checked out a few in the iTunes application store with names such as abc PocketPhonics, ABC Tracer and iWriteWords. Cheering pencils and encouraging animals give 8 feedback for good performance. Parents who“ve downloaded th
5、em say their kids think learning to write on these devices is a game. There are also adult apps, such as the $3.99 WritePad, which 9 your own handwriting to text. Some adults are setting out to fix their own handwriting through traditional means. Have you noticed a decline in your penmanship (书法) or
6、 are you 10 about your child“s writing? How much time does your kid spend handwriting each week versus typing on a keyboard or handheld device? Do you think handwriting matters in the digital age? A. affirm B. aid C. composition D. concerned E. convert F. declining G. deemed H. games I. Ironically J
7、. Naturally K. positive L. prosperity M. sharp N. showing O. trouble（分数：20.00）四、Passage 2(总题数：1，分数：30.00)Solve Your Sleep ProblemsA. There“s no one-size-fits-all curepick the wrong sleep strategy and you might as well go back to counting sheep. To get the zzz“s you need, find the lifestyle solution
8、and medications targeted to your specific dozing dilemma. B. “There“s a growing recognition that using medicinal drugs as sleep aids as you work on improving sleep habits can help nip insomnia (失眠症) in the bud so it doesn“t bloom and become an ongoing issue,“ says Mary S. Esther, president of the Am
9、erican Academy of Sleep Medicine. “Short-term use is the ideal, but we also know that for people with chronic sleep problems, taking a medication for a longer period of time can make a huge difference in their ability to enjoy life and function well.“ C. Today“s sleep medications are less likely to
10、cause next-day drowsiness (昏昏欲睡) or addiction than older remedies. Some can be taken intermittently over long periods. This is good news for women, who not only report more sleep problems than men but also take sleep aids 58% more often. D. Sleeping soundly requires finding the lifestyle solutionand
11、, if needed, medicinegeared to your specific type of sleep problem. Read on to see where you fit. 1. It Often Takes You an Hour or More to Fall Asleep E. Avoid caffeine for at least six hours before bedtime and cut out stimulating activities, such as answering e-mails, housecleaning, or watching TV,
12、 a habit shared by 90% of people who report sleep problems, according to a poll by the National Sleep Foundation. Instead, shift gears and slow down for about 20 minutes before bed. Take a warm bath, write in a journal, or listen to soothing music. A ritual of relaxing pre-bedtime activities is an a
13、utomatic stimulus to become sleepy, making it more likely you“ll fall asleep. F. Zolpidem tartrate acts quickly to put you to sleep within 15 to 30 minutes on average and, as a benefit, may help you sleep longer and awaken less, according to a recent University of Rochester study of almost 200 men a
14、nd women. And because it doesn“t appear to cause rebound insomnia, it shouldn“t prevent you from falling asleep on the nights you don“t take it. Since it lasts only four to six hours, there“s a low risk of next-day drowsiness. Side effects can include headaches and dizziness, but what is more worryi
15、ng are reports that this drug can cause sleepwalking, sleepdriving. Many side effects occur because people take extra doses or mix the drug with alcohol. Report any unusual reactions to your doctor. 2. You Wake up and Can“t Fall Back to Sleep G. Eliminate dead-of-night disturbances that rouse you. S
16、hut the bedroom door so the cat can“t jump on you or place twin-size top sheets and blankets side by side so your husband takes only his covers when he rolls over. Also, avoid alcohol before bed. It may help you fall asleep faster but will likely make you wake up a few hours later and have problems
17、going back to sleep. H. Zaleplon works in less than half an hour, then lasts less than four. A study from St. Luke“s Hospital in Chesterfield, Missouri, found zaleplon didn“t cause daytime sleepiness in patients given it in the middle of the night, then awakened three and a half hours later. The dow
18、nside of zaleplon is that if you wake up at 2 or 3 o“clock, you then have to decide whether to take the pill and wait for it to work. If you awaken almost nightly, a low dose of trazodone may be better. This antidepressant is rarely used to treat mood disorders today (other drugs are more efficient)
19、, but it is the most-often prescribed drug for problems falling and staying asleep. Side effects of the low doses used to promote sleep may include dizziness, next-day drowsiness, headache, and weight gain. 3. You“re a Night Owl Who Can“t Fall Asleep Early I. You need to readjust your body“s interna
20、l clock so that you get sleepy earlier in the evening. Start by exposing yourself to early morning sun. If your room lacks early sun, turn on bright lighting. Going to bed earlier and waking up earlier will be much easier for those who are troubled by the sleep problem. In addition, at least half an
21、 hour before your ideal bedtime, get into a low-light environment to trigger your body“s production of the sleep-promoting hormone (荷尔蒙). Finally, make your bedroom as dark as possible. If curtains and shades don“t completely block out light, consider wearing an eye mask. J. Ramelteon targets the br
22、ain part involved in the sleep-wake cycle and helps reset your body clock so that going to bed earlier and waking earlier become more natural, though this may take a week or two. Ramelteon puts you to sleep in less than an hour. 4. You“re Sleepless Because of Stress K. Exercise. Working out boosts y
23、our brain“s feel-good chemicals, easing stress, lifting a low mood and contributing to better sleep. A study of more than 170 women from the Seattle area found that those who followed a moderate intensity walking program for 45 minutes, five mornings a week, were less likely to have trouble falling
24、asleep than those who exercised less or in the evening (working out too close to bedtime may get you excited). Other studies found that practices such as yoga, Tai Chi and stretching also cut stress and help sleep. L. Consider benzodiazepines. These anti-anxiety drugs are commonly prescribed for sho
25、rt-term insomnia. They can put you to sleep in as little as 15 minutes and help you stay asleep, though it causes daytime sleepiness. Besides, benzodiazepines can be addicting, so use only for one or two nights a week or less than two weeks continuously. If stress and sleeplessness linger, a daily a
26、ntidepressant can be used safely long-term and is especially effective if you also have mild depression. Common side effects: next-day drowsiness and dry mouth. 5. Normal Sleep “Problems“ M. Some that claim to have sleeping problems do not actually have the trouble. Some complain that they sleep les
27、s than 7 to 8 hours a night. The fact is that if you“re not sleepy the next day, it“s okay. There is no magic number of sleep hours people need to feel rested. Some complain that they wake up at 4 or 5 am The fact is that if you went to bed at 9 pm and wake up at 4 or 5 am, you“ve probably gotten en
28、ough sleep; just delay bedtime by two hours so you naturally wake up later. N. Some complain that it takes them longer than five minutes to fall asleep. The fact is that it takes many people an average of 20 minutes to fall asleep once their head hits the pillow. Some complain that they wake up one
29、or two times a night. The fact is that night-waking (to visit the bathroom, for example) isn“t considered unhealthy if you can go back to sleep fast and wake up refreshed.（分数：30.00）(1).According to a poll by the National Sleep Foundation, most of those with sleep problems tend to do stimulating acti
30、vities before bedtime.（分数：3.00）(2).Benzodiazepines can put people to sleep quickly, with daytime sleepiness remaining a common side effect.（分数：3.00）(3).Zaleplon will not trigger next-day drowsiness if people take it in the middle of the night.（分数：3.00）(4).Some of today“s sleep medications are safe e
31、nough to take at intervals in the long term.（分数：3.00）(5).If you“re a night owl, exposure to early morning daylight can put your biological clock forward.（分数：3.00）(6).According to Mary S. Esther, taking medical drugs helps suppress insomnia at an early stage.（分数：3.00）(7).Those who report sleeping pro
32、blems actually have a mistaken perception of what a good night“s sleep should be.（分数：3.00）(8).For those who cannot fall asleep early, Ramelteon helps them readjust their internal clocks and makes it possible for them to feel tired earlier.（分数：3.00）(9).On the nights you forget to take Zolpidem tartra
33、te, you should sleep as well as on the nights you take it.（分数：3.00）(10).A study found that working out in the morning for 45 minutes regularly may help you fall asleep.（分数：3.00）五、Passage 3(总题数：1，分数：25.00)Picture a typical MBA lecture theatre twenty years ago. In it the majority of students will have
34、 conformed to the standard model of the time: male, middle class and Western. Walk into a class today, however, and you“ll get a completely different impression. For a start, you will now see plenty more womenthe University of Pennsylvania“s Wharton School, for example, boasts that 40% of its new en
35、rolment is female. You will also see a wide range of ethnic groups and nationals of practically every country. It might be tempting, therefore, to think that the old barriers have been broken down and equal opportunity achieved. But, increasingly this apparent diversity is becoming a mask for a new
36、type of conformity. Behind the differences in sex, skin tones and mother tongues, there are common attitudes, expectations and ambitions which risk creating a set of clones among the business leaders of the future. Diversity, it seems, has not helped to address fundamental weaknesses in business lea
37、dership. So what can be done to create more effective managers of the commercial world? According to Valerie Gauthier, associate dean at HEC Paris, the key lies in the process by which MBA programmes recruit their students. At the moment candidates are selected on a fairly narrow set of criteria suc
38、h as prior academic and career performance, and analytical and problem solving abilities. This is then coupled to a school“s picture of what a diverse class should look like, with the result that passport, ethnic origin and sex can all become influencing factors. But schools rarely dig down to find
39、out what really makes an applicant succeed, to create a class which also contains diversity of attitude and approacharguably the only diversity that, in a business context, really matters. Professor Gauthier believes schools should not just be selecting candidates from traditional sectors such as ba
40、nking, consultancy and industry. They should also be seeking individuals who have backgrounds in areas such as political science, the creative arts, history or philosophy, which will allow them to put business decisions into a wider context. Indeed, there does seem to be a demand for the more rounde
41、d leaders such diversity might create. A study by Mannaz, a leadership development company, suggests that, while the bullyboy chief executive of old may not have been eradicated completely, there is a definite shift in emphasis towards less tough styles of managementat least in America and Europe. P
42、erhaps most significant, according to Mannaz, is the increasing interest large companies have in more collaborative management models, such as those prevalent in Scandinavia, which seek to integrate the hard and soft aspects of leadership and encourage delegated responsibility and accountability.（分数
43、：25.00）(1).What characterizes the business school student population of today?（分数：5.00）A.Greater diversity.B.Exceptional diligence.C.Intellectual maturity.D.Higher ambition.(2).What is the author“s concern about current business school education?（分数：5.00）A.It will arouse students“ unrealistic expect
44、ations.B.It will produce business leaders of a uniform style.C.It focuses on theory rather than on practical skills.D.It stresses competition rather than cooperation.(3).What aspect of diversity does Valerie Gauthier think is most important?（分数：5.00）A.Age and educational background.B.Attitude and ap
45、proach to business.C.Social and professional experience.D.Ethnic origin and gender.(4).What applicants does the author think MBA programmes should consider recruiting?（分数：5.00）A.Applicants with prior experience in business companies.B.Applicants with sound knowledge in math and statistics.C.Applican
46、ts from outside the traditional sectors.D.Applicants from less developed regions and areas.(5).What does Mannaz say about the current management style?（分数：5.00）A.It is eradicating the tough aspects of management.B.It encourages male and female executives to work side by side.C.It adopts the bully-bo
47、y chief executive model.D.It is shifting towards more collaborative models.六、Passage 4(总题数：1，分数：25.00)Lovers of ink and paper, take heart. Reports of the death of the printed book may be exaggerated. Ever since Amazon introduced its popular Kindle e-reader years ago, experts have assumed that the fu
48、ture of book publishing is digital. Opinions about the speed of the shift from page to screen have varied. But the consensus has been that digitization, having had its way with music and photographs and maps, would in due course have its way with books as well. By 2015, one media maven (专家) predicte
49、d a few years back, traditional books would be gone. Half a decade into the e-book revolution, though, the prognosis (预测，展望) for traditional books is suddenly looking brighter. Hardcover books are displaying surprising tolerance. The growth in e-book sales is slowing markedly. And purchases of e-readers are actually shrinking, as consumers opt instead for multipurpose tablets. It may be that e-books, rather than replacing printed books, will ultimately serve a role more like that of audio booksa complement to traditional reading, not a substitute. The initial e-book explosion is start
