1、大学英语六级-160 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：10，分数：100.00)Mass transportation revised the social and economic fabric of the American city in three fundamental ways. It catalyzed physical expansion, it sorted out people and land uses, and it accelerated the inherent instability of
2、 urban life. By opening vast areas of unoccupied land for residential expansion, the omnibuses, horse railways, commuter trains, and electric trolleys pulled settled regions outward two to four times more distant from city centers than they were in the pre-modem era. In 1850, for example, the border
3、s of Boston lay scarcely two miles from the old business district; by the turn of the 20th century the radius extended ten miles. Now those who could afford it could live far removed from the old city center and still commute there for work, shopping and entertainment. The new accessibility of land
4、around the periphery of almost every major city sparked an explosion of real estate development and fueled what we now know as urban sprawl. Between 1890 and 1920, for example, some 250,000 new residential lots were recorded within the borders of Chicago, most of them located in outlying areas. Over
5、 the same period, another 550,000 were plotted outside the city limits but within the metropolitan area. Anxious to take advantage of the possibilities of commuting, real estate developers added 800,000 potential building sites to the Chicago region in just thirty yearslots that could have housed fi
6、ve to six million people. Of course, many were never occupied; there was always a huge surplus of subdivided, but vacant land around Chicago and other cities. These excesses underscore a feature of residential expansion related to the growth of mass transportation; urban sprawl was essentially unpla
7、nned. It was carried out by thousands of small investors who paid little heed to coordinated land use or to future land users. Those who purchased and prepared land for residential purposes, particularly land near or outside city borders where transit lines and middle-class inhabitants were anticipa
8、ted, did so to create demand as much as to respond to it. Chicago is a prime example of this process. Real estate subdivision there proceeded much faster than population growth. (选自 Time)（分数：10.00）(1).The effect of mass transportation on city“s lifestyle is _.（分数：2.00）A.promoting its inherent instab
9、ilityB.remarkable growth in city areaC.ever increasing standards of livingD.the separation of commercial and residential districts(2).The author refers to both Boston and Chicago in order to _.（分数：2.00）A.contrast their rates of growth with each otherB.show that mass transportation have changed many
10、citiesC.demonstrate positive and negative effects of transportation growthD.exemplify cities with and without mass transportation(3).The word “sparked“ (Line 8, Para. 1) is closest in meaning to _.（分数：2.00）A.brought aboutB.reckoned withC.smoothed overD.wiped out(4).Chicago is mentioned in the second
11、 paragraph as an example of a city _.（分数：2.00）A.that is famousB.that is used as a model for land developmentC.with an excellent mass transportation systemD.where land development exceeded population growth(5).The best title for the passage should be _.（分数：2.00）A.Instability of Urban LifeB.Types of M
12、ass TransportationC.Land UseD.The Effect of Mass Transportation on Urban ExpansionA solid majority of technology experts and stakeholders participating in the fourth future of the Internet survey expect that by 2020 most people will access software applications online and share and access informatio
13、n through the use of remote server networks, rather than depending crucially on tools and information housed on their individual, personal computers. They say that cloud computing will become more dominant than the desktop in the next decade. In other words, most users will perform most computing an
14、d communicating activities through connections to servers operated by outside firms. Among the most popular cloud services now are social networking sites (the 500 million people using Facebook are being social in the cloud), webmail services like Hotmail and Yahoo mail, microblogging and blogging s
15、ervices such as Twitter and WordPress, video-sharing sites like YouTube, picture-sharing sites such as Flickr, document and applications sites like Google Docs, social-bookmarking sites like Delicious, business sites like eBay, and ranking, rating and commenting sites such as Yelp and TripAdvisor. M
16、ost of those surveyed noted that cloud computing will continue to expand and come to dominate information transactions because it offers many advantages, allowing users to have easy, instant, and individualized access to tools and information they need wherever they are, locatable from any networked
17、 device. Some experts noted that people in technology-rich environments will have access to sophisticated-yet-affordable local networks that allow them to “have the cloud in their homes.“ Many of the people who agreed with the statement that cloud computing will expand as the internet evolves said t
18、he desktop will not die out but it will be used in new, improved ways in tandem with (伴随) remote computing. Some survey participants said they expect that a more sophisticated desktop-cloud hybrid (混合物) will be people“s primary interface with information. They predicted the desktop and individual, p
19、rivate networks will be able to provide most of the same conveniences as the cloud but with better functionality, overall efficiency, and speed. Some noted that general-purpose in-home PC servers can do much of the work locally via a connection to the cloud to tap into resources for computing-intens
20、ive tasks. Meanwhile, a number of people said cloud computing presents difficult security problems and further exposes private information to governments, corporations, thieves, opportunists, and human and machine error, etc. Survey participants noted that there are also quality of service and compa
21、tibility hurdles (障碍) that must be crossed successfully before cloud computing gains more adopters. Among the other limiting factors the expert respondents mentioned were: the lack of broadband spectrum to handle the load if everyone is using the cloud; the variability of cost and access in differen
22、t parts of the world and the difficulties that lie ahead before they can reach the ideal of affordable access anywhere, anytime; and complex legal issues, including cross-border intellectual property and privacy conflicts. (选自 Newsweek)（分数：10.00）(1).We can learn from the first paragraph that _.（分数：2
23、.00）A.cloud computing is a special machine operated by some companiesB.desktops access software applications through stored tools and informationC.computing and communicating cannot be carried out without cloud computingD.cloud computing will replace desktops completely in the near future(2).Accordi
24、ng to the passage, microblogging and blogging such as Twitter belong to _.（分数：2.00）A.cloud servicesB.talking applicationsC.picture-sharing sitesD.community networking sites(3).What is the future of the desktops with the development of cloud services?（分数：2.00）A.They will not die out but only be used
25、by a small group.B.They will disappear slowly with cloud service spreading.C.They will be connected with network and offer new services.D.They will not die out but only be improved to offer cloud services.(4).What problems must cloud computing solve if it wants to expand its service?（分数：2.00）A.The l
26、ack of broadband spectrum and errors.B.Exposing private information and errors.C.The variability of cost, access and human errors.D.The lack of broadband spectrum and compatibility.(5).What“s the author“s main purpose in writing this passage?（分数：2.00）A.To announce the ending of the desktop time.B.To
27、 indicate the problems of cloud computing.C.To point out the future of desktop applications.D.To state the coming of the cloud computing era.Rob a bank and you risk a long stretch in jail. Run a bank whose dubious behavior leads to global economic collapse and you risk nothing of the sort, more like
28、ly a handsome pay-off. Illegal and dangerous mistakes associated with the financial industry have caused serious harm to US and world economies. The scandals keep comingrate rigging, money laundering, mis-selling and sanctions busting. The backlash (反冲，反撞) against the industry shows no sign of easin
29、g. So given the scale of damage and public anger, fuelled by the industry“s bonus culture, it is curious that those responsible have largely avoided punishment in the traditional judicial sense, despite the demand for it. That we so want those involved to get their just deserts has its roots in anci
30、ent human forms of social control, which led to our modern sense of morality. In their fundamental, hunter-gatherer forms, crime and punishment surely go back for tens of millennia (千年). The case has been made that by 45,000 years ago, or possibly earlier, people were practicing moralistic (说教的) soc
31、ial control much as we do. Without exception, investigators that still exist today and best reflect this ancient way of life exert aggressive watch over their peers for the good of the group. Economic villains are mainly bullies who use threats or force to benefit themselves, along with thieves and
32、cheats. All are free-riders who take without giving, and all are punished by the group. This can range from mere criticism or ostracism (贝壳流放) to active shaming, ejection or even capital punishment. This moral behavior was reinforced over the millennia that such egalitarian (平等主义者) bands dominated h
33、uman life. Then around 12,000 years ago, larger, stillegalitarian sedentary (定居的) tribes arrived with greater needs for centralized control. Eventually clusters of tribes formed authoritative chiefdoms. Next came early civilizations, with centrally prescribed and powerfully enforced moral orders. On
34、e thing tied these and modern, state-based moral systems to what came before and that was the human capacity for moral indignation. It remains strong today. So there is an inevitable discontentment when bankers seem to “get away with it“, offending this instinctive moral corrective sense. And ultima
35、tely, such public opinion should strongly influence how we police fiscal deviantsbut there are complicating factors that suggest this instinct is being undermined when it comes to taming the most harmful behavior in the banking world. (选自 New Scientist)（分数：10.00）(1).What does the author say about a
36、person who runs a bank?（分数：2.00）A.He is usually rewarded.B.He usually ends up in prison.C.He is sometimes involved in scandals.D.He is less likely to be punished for his mistakes.(2).According to the passage, why are the public angry with the financial industry?（分数：2.00）A.Because people in it have m
37、ade too many mistakes.B.Because it has caused serious harm to the US and world economies.C.Because people making serious mistakes in it are not punished but rewarded.D.Because too many scandals in it are known to the public.(3).Who benefit the most from the mere supervision provided by investigators
38、?（分数：2.00）A.The group of people as a whole.B.Those who are under supervision.C.Those who conduct the supervision.D.The bad guys in the social group.(4).“Get away with it“ in Paragraph 9 most probably means _.（分数：2.00）A.to run away with moneyB.to escape punishment for their mistakesC.to be indifferen
39、t to the public“s protestD.to be unable to deal with their mistakes(5).The author“s attitude towards the effectiveness of the instinct of moral standard is _.（分数：2.00）A.positiveB.indifferentC.disappointedD.objectiveOver the past decade, American companies have tried hard to find ways to discourage s
40、enior managers from feathering their own nests at the expense of their shareholders. The three most popular reforms have been recruiting more outside directors in order to make boards more independent, linking bosses“ pay to various performance measure, and giving bosses share options so that they h
41、ave the same long-term interests as their shareholders. These reforms have been widely adopted by America“s larger companies, and surveys suggest that many more companies are thinking of following their lead. But have they done any good? Three papers presented at the annual meeting of the Academy of
42、 Management in Boston this week suggest not. As is usually the case with boardroom tinkering, the consequences have differed from those intended. Start with those independent boards. On the face of it, dismissing the boss“s friends from the board and replacing them with outsiders looks a perfect way
43、 to make senior managers more accountable. But that is not the conclusion of a study by Professor James Westphal. Instead, he found that bosses with a boardroom full of outsiders spend much of their time building alliances, doing personal favors and generally pleasing the outsiders. All too often, t
44、hese seductions succeed. Mr. Westphal found that, to a remarkable degree, “independent“ boards pursue strategies that are likely to favor senior managers rather than shareholders. Such companies diversify their business, increase the pay of executives and weaken the link between pay and performance.
45、 To assess the impact of performance related pay, Mr. Westphal asked the bosses of 103 companies with sales of over $1 billion what measurements were used to determine their pay. The measurements varied widely, ranging from sales to earnings per share. But the researcher“s big discovery was that bos
46、ses attend to measures that affect their own incomes and ignore or play down other factors that affect a company“s overall success. In short, bosses are quick to turn every imaginable system of corporate government to their advantage which is probably why they are the people who are put in charge of
47、 things. Here is a paradox for the management theorists: any boss who cannot beat a system designed to keep him under control is probably not worth having. (选自 The Economist)（分数：10.00）(1).What is the purpose of the large companies in recruiting outsiders as board of directors?（分数：2.00）A.To diversify
48、 the business of the corporations.B.To increase the cooperation between the senior managers and the board directors.C.To introduce effective reforms in business management.D.To protect the benefit of the shareholders.(2).What does Professor James Westphal“s study suggest?（分数：2.00）A.Boardroom reforms
49、 have failed to achieve the desired result.B.Outside board directors tend to be more independent.C.Senior managers work more conscientiously with a boardroom full of outsiders.D.Cooperation between senior managers and board directors suffered from the reforms.(3).The word “seductions“ (Line 1, Para. 4) probably means _.（分数：2.00）A.efforts to conquerB.attempts to win overC.endeavors to increase profitsD.exertions to understand(4).Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?（分数：2.00）A.In general corporate executives are
