1、大学四级-1815 及答案解析(总分：712.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Writing(总题数：1，分数：106.00)1.Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Will Phones Kill Letter Writing? You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below.1. 年轻人越来越趋向于打电话；2. 信件是否会被电话取缔；3. 我的观点。（分数
2、：106.00）_二、Part Reading Compr(总题数：1，分数：70.00)How Ice Cream WorksThe US ice cream industry sells about a million gallons of ice cream each year, dispensing cones, gallons, pints, sundaes and other desserts through grocery stores and ice cream shops. In fact, eight percent of all the milk produced in
3、the US ends up in a frozen dairy product.Ice Cream or Frozen Dessert?Not just any frozen treat can be called ice cream. In fact, the US Department of Agriculture has specific rules that define what can and cant be labeled “ice cream“. To bear the “Meets USDA Ingredient Standard for Ice Cream“ stamp,
4、 it has to contain at least 10 percent milk fat, and a minimum of six percent non-fat milk solids. A gallon has to weigh atleast 4.5 pounds.The range of milk fat (sometimes referred to as butter fat) used in ice cream can go from the minimum 10 percent to a maximum of about 16 percent. Most premium
5、ice creams use 14 percent milk fat. Higher fat content leads to better, richer taste and a creamier texture. Ice cream makers dont go higher than 16 percent because it would be costly and very high in calories. An ice cream with this much milk fat would also taste so rich that people would probably
6、eat it in smaller amounts, which would be bad news for people who sell ice cream for a living.Other frozen desserts, such as sorbet(加果汁的冰水), low-fat ice cream, and frozen yogurt, are not technically ice cream at all. Frozen custard is ice cream that has at least 1.4 percent egg yolk solids, and “sof
7、t serve“ can be any frozen milk-based dessert .that has not gone through the hardening process-more on that later.In terms of specific ingredients, the recipe for ice cream is simple. But in scientific terms, its complicated stuff. Ice cream is a colloid, a type of emulsion(乳状液). An emulsion is a co
8、mbination of two substances that dont normally mix together. Instead, one of the substances is dispersed throughout the other. In ice cream, molecules of fat are suspended in a water-sugar-ice structure along with air bubbles. The presence of air means that ice cream is also technically a foam.In ad
9、dition to milk fat, non-fat milk solids, sugar, and air, ice cream also contains stabilizers and emulsifiers. Stabilizers help hold the air bubble structure together and give the ice cream a better texture. Although gelatin(凝胶) was originally used as a stabilizer, xanthan gum, guar gum, and other co
10、mpounds are used today. Emulsifiers keep the ice cream smooth and aid the distribution of the fat molecules throughout the colloid. Egg yolks were once used, but ice cream manufacturers now tend to use other chemical compounds. These stabilizers and emulsifiers make up a very small proportion (less
11、than one percent) of the ice cream.Making Ice CreamWhether its being made in your kitchen with a hand crank, at a local homemade ice cream shop with a stand-alone ice cream maker, or in a factory that cranks out thousands of gallons of ice cream every day, the process of making ice cream is basicall
12、y the same. The only difference is the scale of the operation.First, you need ice cream mix. You can buy commercially made ice cream mix that is set to a certain milk fat content. Ice cream factories usually make their own mix by combining milk, cream and sugar in a 3 000 gallon vat, with the propor
13、tions and mixing controlled by computers. The mix is then pasteurized(用巴氏法灭菌), or heated, to kill any harmful bacteria. If you were to make your own mix at home, you could pasteurize it by cooking it in a double boiler, or use an egg substitute or pasteurized egg product. This step is important beca
14、use otherwise people who eat your homemade ice cream could get sick due to salmonella contamination. According to the Centers for Disease Control, those most at risk include the elderly, very young children, and people with compromised immune systems.The next step in production is adding flavor to t
15、he mix. There are thousands of varieties of ice cream, so just about any combination of flavors is possible. From vanilla to cinnamon, chocolate to triple chocolate fudge brownie, it all gets blended into the ice cream mix. In a factory, this step takes place in vats that hold hundreds of gallons of
16、 ice cream, while giant steel paddles do the mixing. In your “kitchen, a large bowl and a food mixer will work, or even a wooden spoon and muscle power if you want some exercise. Solid chunks such as pieces of fruit, chocolate chunks, marshmallows, and candy are added later.The next step is where an
17、d ice cream making machine comes into play. The mix has to be simultaneously frozen and whipped. In a factory, this happens in a giant tube surrounded by pipes. The pipes contain chemicals such as ammonia that freeze the tube, but the ammonia never comes into contact with the ice cream. The ice crea
18、m mix is pumped through the tube, where it gets cold very quickly. A dasher, or blade, turns inside the tube. This whips the mixture, introducing the air bubbles that help give ice cream its structure. The dasher also scrapes the sides of the tube, clearing off ice crystals that form there. This pre
19、vents large ice crystals from mining the flavor and texture of the ice cream. All the elements of this process are carefully monitored and controlled by computers. Most homemade ice cream shops use a batch freezer for this step, where the same process happens on a smaller scale.This step can be acco
20、mplished at home with a rock salt/ice mixture for freezing and a hand or electric cranked dasher to mix and scrape off the ice crystals.Once the ice cream has come out of the ice cream maker, the process isnt finished. At this point, the mixture is frozen, but still soft. Large chunks of candy and o
21、ther goodies are now added. Then the ice cream is placed into containers. Factory machines pour it straight into cartons or buckets, or it can be extruded(挤压出) into shapes that have wooden sticks placed into them for individual treats.Now the ice cream needs to be reduced to a very low temperature,
22、zero degrees Fahrenheit or below. Factories make it even colder since they need the ice cream to stay frozen while it is packaged and loaded onto trucks. It needs to be very cold to freeze the ice cream quickly and prevent the formation of large ice crystals. This process is known as hardening. “Sof
23、t serve“ is often simply ice cream that has not gone through this process.Well learn about the ice cream industry in the next section.Ice Cream IndustryIn 1999, retail sales of ice cream in the US, the worldwide leader in ice cream production, topped $4 billion. In 2002, more that $ 20 billion was s
24、pent on frozen desserts. The leading states in ice cream consumption are California, Indiana, Pennsylvania, Texas and New York. Americans ate an average of 21.5 quarts of ice cream per person in 2004.With that much money to be made, the ice cream industry can be secretive and underhanded (秘密的). Debo
25、rah Hanny, owner of Sweet Jennys Ice cream in Williamsville, NY, protects her recipes carefully. Her shop has been photographed by men in suits and she once caught someone in her upstairs office hurriedly trying to copy down her recipes.Ice cream making secrets are seldom passed down from generation
26、 to generation these days. So where do people in the ice cream industry learn their craft.? At ice cream school. Pennsylvania State University offers a week-long “Ice Cream Short Course“ intended for industry professionals. The course teaches the science and technology used to make ice cream. They a
27、lso offer Ice Cream I01 for ice cream hobbyists who just want to learn more about their favorite frozen treat. The University of Guelph, Ontarios Dairy Science and Technology school, also has a long history of teaching ice cream science.（分数：70.00）(1).Eight percent of all the milk produced in the US
28、ends up in a frozen dairy product.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(2).Any frozen treat can be called ice cream.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(3).In addition to milk fat, non-fat milk solids, sugar, and air, ice cream also contains stabilizers and emulsifiers.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(4).The process of making ice cream at home is differen
29、t from that in a factory.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(5).Once the ice cream has come out of the ice cream maker, the process is finished.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(6).Ice cream making secrets are passed down from generation to generation these days.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(7).Many universities in USA offer courses of ice cream s
30、cience.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(8).The range of milk fat used in ice cream can go _（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(9).In 1999, retail sales of ice cream in the US topped_（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(10).With that much money to be made, the ice cream industry can be_（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_三、Part Listening Com(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Section A(总题数：4，
31、分数：105.00)(1).A. Passenger and bus conductor. B. Doctor and patient.C. Shopkeeper and customer. D. Daughter and father.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2).A. The man knows the committee well. B. The man and the woman are friends.C. The woman would like to work there. D. The man thinks the woman should work on this
32、 committee.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3).A. Its interesting. B. It turned out to be easy.C. Its hard to judge. D. Its quite difficult.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(4).A. The woman went to Spensers yesterday. B. The womans aunt is called Spenser.C. The woman had been in the big sale. D. The woman would like to go to the
33、big sales.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(5).A. She doesnt understand how Judy got her job.B. Shes surprised Judy is working in management.C. She thinks Judy never should have taken a computer course.D. She wonders how Judy does so many things.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(1).A. No, its open only to teachers and postgraduate
34、s.B. Yes, but he needs the approval of his professor.C. Yes, because he is a senior student.D. Yes, he can study there if he is writing a research paper.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2).A. Their parents cut back the loan.B. They cant pay the rent this month.C. The woman doesnt want Frank to take another English
35、 course.D. The womans boss refused to give her a rise.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3).A. The man mistook her for someone else. B. The man must have got wrong information.C. The man got the news from someone else. D. She is still waiting to hear good news from the man.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.Questions 19 to 22 are bas
36、ed on the conversation you have just heard.（分数：28.00）(1).A. The speed of light. B. The speed of telecommunications.C. Astronauts landing on the moon. D. The United States.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2).A. Telecommunications. B. Soccer.C. War. D. Watching television.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3).A. Its right. B. Its wr
37、ong.C. Its awful. D. Its a fact.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(4).A. Mary is troubled. B. Mary based her opinions on facts.C. Mary looks at the facts. D. Mary only sees what she wants to see.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.Questions 23 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.（分数：21.00）(1).A. Because she wanted
38、a job as a waitress.B. Because King Hotel dining-room was closing down.C.Because she wanted more time to study.D. Because her pay was too low.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2).A. At weekends. B. On weekdays.C. Late in the week. D. On Thursdays.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3).A. The manager would contact her on May l st. B.
39、 Linda Brown got the job.C. The manager promised her a pay rise. D. She was able to enter the university.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.五、Section B(总题数：3，分数：70.00)Passage OneQuestions 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard.（分数：21.00）(1).A. Better land. B. Quick Wealth.C. Modem equipment. D. Stricte
40、r laws.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2).A. Industrialized. B. Lawless.C. Religious. D. Traditional.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3).A. Saving peoples lives. B. Teaching survival some skills.C. Showing people how to hunt for gold. D. Selling some mining tools and supplies.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.Passage TwoQuestions 29 to 31 are b
41、ased on the passage you have just heard.（分数：21.00）(1).A. To do as much as you can. B. To do only what is necessary.C. To act only what is necessary. D. To do what is necessary as carefully and quickly as possible.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2).A. Leave him lying where he is. B. Do as much as you can to save t
42、hem.C. Put his arms and legs in place. D. Roll him up in a blanket.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3).A. Stop the flow of blood if the person is bleeding.B. Perform the operation whenever necessary.C. Do artificial respiration if the person has stopped breathing.D. Do the best you can until a doctor arrives.（分数：7
43、.00）A.B.C.D.Passage ThreeQuestions 32 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard.（分数：28.00）(1).A. Dates and names that cannot be verified. B. Unusual works of art.C. Articles written by previous historians. D. Significant events and influential people.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2).A. They are few in
44、number.B. They depict important historical events.C. They provide a lot of information about ordinary people.D. They have clues about the social role of artists.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3).A. Their playthings. B. Some money.C. Their relatives bands. D. Their shoes.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(4).A. The location of th
45、e house. B. The social and economic status of the family.C. The types of games children played. D. The profession of the owner of the house.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.六、Section C(总题数：1，分数：77.00)Directions In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you sh
46、ould listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks numbered from 36 to 43 with the exact words you have just heard For blanks numbered from 44 to 46 you are required to fill in the missing information. For these blanks, yo
47、u can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the main points in your own words. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written.In most cases, technology has not saved time, but enabled us to do more things. In the home, washing mach
48、ines (36) to free women from having to toil over the laundry. In reality, they (37) us to change our clothes daily instead of weekly, creating seven times as much washing and ironing. Similarly, the weekly bath has been (38) by the daily shower, multiplying the hours spent on personal grooming.Meanwhile, technology has not only allowed work to spread into our leisure time-the laptop-on-the-beach syndrome-but (39) the new burden of dealing with faxes, e-mails and voicemails. It has also provided us with the (40) to spend hours fixing software glitches on our personal, computers or fill
