1、大学四级-742 及答案解析(总分：710.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Writing(总题数：1，分数：103.00)1.Directions: Youre allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Confidence by expressing your ideas on this concept. Youd write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.Confidence（分数：103.00）_二、Part Reading Compr(总题数：1，分数：
2、70.00)Obesity in ChildrenObesity in children and adolescents is rising at an alarming rate. Currently over 15% of young people over 6 years old are obese, and obesity is also increasing among children aged 5 and younger.Children are considered to be overweight if the BMI (Body Mass Index) is over 85
3、% of the weight group in their age and sex categories. If it is 95% and over, they are considered to be obese. Adolescents are generally judged according to adult criteria for obesity, although there are other considerations in this population. Ethnic variations, timing of growth spurts, and higher
4、normal fat levels around puberty can cause disparities in these measurements.Causes and Risk Factors for Obesity in ChildrenLifestyle Factors. Without educational or parental guidance, children are extremely vulnerable to the intense cultural pressures that are largely responsible for the obesity ep
5、idemic. Neither the media nor the educational system has strong well-financed programs that encourage healthy-alternatives, including exercise and healthy foods. The following are some specific problems created by the culture:Excessive television watching plays a critical role in obesity in children
6、. Not only is it a sedentary activity, but television also offers innumerable temptations with its advertisements for fast foods, sugar cereals, and unhealthy snacks. In one study obesity rates were lowest in children who watched television one hour or less a day and highest in those who watched fou
7、r or more hours.Sugar, particularly from soda, other sweetened beverages, and fruit juice, may be major contributors to childhood obesity. One study reported that drinking soda regularly increases a childs risk for obesity by 60%.Less physical exercise and greater sedentary activities play another s
8、ignificant role in obesity in children. A high level of physical, activitynot just using up energyis important for weight control in young people.Family History. Parental obesity more than doubles the risk that a young child, whether thin or overweight, will become obese as an adult. In older childr
9、en and teenagers, obesity in parents starts to count less as a predictor for body weight than their own weight. The risk may be due t6 environmental or genetic factors, or both.Ethnic and Socioeconomic Factors. As in adult populations, children from lower socioeconomic groups and minority population
10、s are at higher risk for obesity. For example, among young Mexican Americans and African Americans, there has been an increase in overweight prevalence of about 13% to over 23%.Factors Surrounding Birth. The following factors surrounding birth are associated with a childs weight:Low birth weight is
11、a risk factor for later obesity and diabetes. One theory is that humans have a “thrifty gene“ that produces metabolic changes in infants with low birth weight. Such changes affect insulin and fat accumulation in order to produce a “catch-up“ weight in these young children as quickly as possible. Thi
12、s rapid weight gain in infancy increases the gain risk for obesity in children and also in young adulthood.In a study of African American children, having an overweight pregnant mother increased the risk for later weight gain, but low birth weight did not.Although some small studies have reported pr
13、otection against obesity front breastfeeding, evidence is weak. In a 2003 study, for example, children who were breast fed for three to five months had a lower risk for obesity, but prolonged breastfeeding had no effect. Nevertheless, given the healthful effects of breast feeding and the possibility
14、 that it may have even a slight impact on childhood obesity, it is highly recommended.Health Consequences of Childhood ObesityChildren and adolescents who are obese have poorer health than other children. Studies are reporting unhealthy cholesterol levels and high blood pressure in obese children an
15、d adolescents. Of great concern is the dramatic increase in type 2 diabetes in young people, which is most largely due to the increase in obesity. Obesity in children is also linked to asthma, gallbladder problems, sleep apnea, and liver abnormalities. Childhood obesity may be partly responsible for
16、 the declining age for onset of puberty in girls, with subsequent risks for breast cancer.It is not clear yet how many of these childhood problems persist in people who achieve normal weight as adults. Staying overweight into adulthood certainly confers health risks.Managing Overweight and Obese Chi
17、ldrenChildhood obesity is best treated by a non-drag, multidisciplinary approach including diet, behavior modification, and exercise. Some evidence suggests that reducing calories by only 200 to 260 per day would prevent weight gain in most overweight children. Here some tips for children who are ov
18、erweight:Limit or avoid if possible take-out, fast foods, high-sugar snacks, soda and sugar sweetened beverages (including too much juice).Let children snack hut make sure the snacks are healthy. Eating small frequent healthy meals (instead of two or three large ones) has been associated with being
19、thinner and having a better cholesterol profile.Let children choose their own food portions. When they were given larger portions their bite sizes were larger and they ate more.Dont criticize a child for being overweight. It does not help and such attitudes could put children at risk for eating diso
20、rders, which are equal or even greater dangers to health.Limit television, video games, and computer use to a few hours a week. This can contribute significantly to weight control, regardless of diet and physical activity.For young children, try the traffic-light diet. Food is designated with stopli
21、ght colors depending on their high caloric content: Green for go (low calories); yellow for “eat with caution“ (medium calories); red for “slop“ (high calories).（分数：70.00）(1).Overweight children are those whose BMI is over 85% of the weight group in their age and sex categories.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(2).T
22、he educational system is positive in promoting exercise and healthy foods, according to the passage.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(3).It is observed that children watching television one hour or less a day lend to be less likely to suffer from obesity.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(4).The intake of sugar among children is an i
23、mportant contributor to childhood obesity.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(5).In most eases, obese children tend to have parents suffering obesity, as environmental or genetic factors are the major reasons for childhood obesity.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(6).Infants with low birth weight may lace a risk for obesity as they gr
24、ow up into childhood and young adulthood.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(7).For obese children, achieving a healthy weight becomes more difficult as they get older, as the persistence is biological.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(8).Obese children and adolescents have poorer health, as they are reported to have unhealthy _.（分数：7
25、.00）填空项 1:_(9).It is suggested that reducing calories _ Would prevent weight gain in most overweight children.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(10).The author believes that it does not help to criticize children for being overweight, as this may increase the risk for _.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_三、Part Listening Com(总题数：0，分数：0
26、.00)四、Section A(总题数：4，分数：105.00)A.Buy a new suit.B.Get more information about the sale.C.Call the TV station to be sure if the ad is true.D.Wait for the sale to start.A.He is aware that John is ill.B.He thinks that perhaps John is not in very good health.C.He doesnt think John is ill.D.He doesnt thi
27、nk John has a good knowledge of physics.A.At six.B.Before six.C.After seven.D.After six.A.It is bigger.B.It has a bright color.C.It is brighter.D.It has a larger yard.A.Husband and wife.B.Guest and host.C.Australian and American.D.Teacher and student.A.1:30.B.9:30.C.11:00.D.10:30.A.He prefers stayin
28、g at home because the bus is too late.B.He prefers staying at home because he doesnt like to travel.C.He prefers traveling with the woman.D.He prefers taking a bus because the plane makes him nervous.A.Her cousin doesnt visit very often.B.He thinks she should visit her cousin.C.He doesnt think her c
29、ousin has been at home today.D.Her cousin is feeling a lot better today.Questions 19 to 22 are based on the conversation you have just heard.（分数：28.00）A.How bones continuously repair themselves.B.The chemical composition of human bones.C.Two different types of bones in the human body.D.How bones hel
30、p the body move.A.They defend the bone against viruses.B.They prevent oxygen from entering the bone.C.They connect the bone to muscle tissue.D.They break down bone tissue.A.They have difficulty identifying these cells.B.Theyve found similar cells in other species.C.Theyve learned how to reproduce th
31、ese cells.D.They arent sure how these cells work.A.To find out how specialized bone ceils have evolved.B.To understand differences between bone tissue and other tissue.C.To learn how to prevent a bone disease.D.To create artificial bone tissue.Questions 23 to 25 are based on the conversation you hav
32、e just heard.（分数：21.00）A.Careers in environmental engineering.B.A way to improve fuel efficiency in buses.C.The causes of air pollution.D.A new fuel for buses.A.Her car is being repaired.B.The cost of fuel has increased.C.Parking is difficult in the city.D.She wants to help reduce pollution.A.An ins
33、ulating material sprayed on engine parts.B.An oil additive that helps cool engines.C.A material from which filters are made.D.A fuel that bums cleanly.五、Section B(总题数：3，分数：70.00)Passage OneQuestions 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard.（分数：21.00）A.In about 20 years.B.As early as pos
34、sible.C.In a couple of weeks.D.Within a week.A.Possibly not.B.Yes, of course.C.Definitely not.D.Not mentioned.A.The store sent her the correct order.B.Her complaint was ignored.C.The store apologized for their mistake.D.The store picked up the wrong items.Passage TwoQuestions 29 to 31 are based on t
35、he passage you have just heard.（分数：21.00）A.Controlled drinking helps people keep their wits as they age.B.Heavy drinking is not necessarily harmful to ones health.C.Alcohol helps develop peoples intelligence.D.Drinking, even moderately, may harm ones health.A.Worried.B.Unconcerned.C.Surprised.D.Plea
36、sed.A.On television.B.In a newspaper.C.At a conference.D.In a journal.Passage ThreeQuestions 32 to 35 are based on the passage you have just beard.（分数：28.00）A.They want to go camping.B.They have decided to go hunting bears.C.They havent reached a decision yet.D.They want to go exploring the country.
37、A.The speakers husband.B.Tom.C.The speaker.D.Susie.A.They chased the bear away.B.They climbed up a tree.C.They stayed outside the tent and did nothing.D.They put some honey outside for the bear to eat.A.He turned things upside down.B.He drank the beer.C.He chased the people away.D.He ate the honey.六
38、、Section C(总题数：1，分数：77.00)Doctors are starting to believe that laughter not only improves your state of mind, but actually affects your entire physical (36) Britains first laughter therapist, Robert Holden says: “Instinctively we know that laughing helps us feel healthy and alive. Each time we laugh
39、 we feel better and more (37) “A French newspaper found that in 1930 the French laughed on (38) for nineteen minutes per day. By 1980 this had fallen to six minutes. Eight per cent of the people questioned said that they would like to laugh more. Other (39) suggests that children laugh on average ab
40、out 400 times a day, but by the time they roach (40) this had been (41) to about fifteen times. Somewhere in the process of growing up we lose an (42) 385 laughs a day.William Fry, a psychiatrist from California studied the (43) of laughter on the body. He got patients to watch funny films, and moni
41、tored their blood pressure, heart rate and muscle tone. He found that laughter has a similar effect to physical exercise. (44) It also makes our facial and stomach muscles work. Fry thinks laughter is a type of jogging on the spot. Laughter can even provide a kind of pain relief. Fry had proved that
42、 laughter produces endorphin chemicals in the body that relieve pain. Researchers divided forty university students into four groups. The first group listened to a funny cassette for twenty minutes. The other three groups listened to either an informative tape, or a cassette intended to relax them o
43、r no tape at all. Researchers found that if they produce pain in the students, (45) Some doctors are convinced that humor should be a part of every medical consultation, (46) （分数：77.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_七、Part Reading Compr(总题数：0，分数：0.00)八、S
44、ection A(总题数：1，分数：90.00)Americans are proud of their variety and individuality, yet they love and respect few things more than a uniform. Why are uniforms so (47) in the United States?Among the arguments for uniforms, one of the first is that in the eyes of most people they look more (48) than civil
45、ian (百姓的) clothes. People have become conditioned to (49) superior quality from a man who wears a uniform. The television repairman who wears a uniform tends to (50) more trust than one who appears in civilian clothes. Faith in the (51) of a garage mechanic is increased by a uniform. What an easier
46、way is there for a nurse, a policeman, a barber, or a waiter to (52) professional identity(身份) than to step out of uniform? Uniforms also have many (53) benefits. They save on other clothes. They save on laundry bills. They are often more comfortable and more durable than civilian clothes.Primary am
47、ong the arguments against uniforms is their lack of variety and the consequent loss of (54) experienced by people who must wear them. Though there are many types of uniforms, the wearer of any particular type is generally stuck with it, without (55) , until retirement. When people look alike, they tend to think, speak, and act (56) , on the job at least. A. skill B. get C. popular D. similarly E. change F. professional G. character H. individuality I. inspire J. differentlyK. practical L. expect M. recall N. ordinary O. lose（分数：90.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_
