1、大学四级-536 及答案解析(总分：693.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPart Writing(总题数：1，分数：106.00)1.1. 为什么要当优等生。 2. 怎样成为优等生。 3. 对优等生的要求。 BTop Students/B（分数：106.00）_二、BPart Reading (总题数：1，分数：70.00)BA triumph for scientific freedom/BThis weeks Nobel Prize winners in medicineAustralians Barry J. Marshall and J. Robin Warren toppled
2、 the conventional wisdom in more ways than one. They proved that most ulcers were caused by a lowly bacterium, which was an outrageous idea at the time. But they also showed that if science is to advance, scientists need the freedom and the funding to let their imaginations roam.Lets start with the
3、Nobel pairs gut instincts. In the late 1970s, the accepted medical theory was that ulcers were caused by stress, smoking, and alcohol. But when pathologist Warren cranked up his microscope to a higher-than-usual magnification, he was surprised to find S-shaped bacteria in specimens taken from patien
4、ts with gastritis. By 1982, Marshall, only 30 years old and still in training at Australias Royal Perth Hospital, and Warren, the more seasoned physician to whom he was assigned, were convinced that the bacteria were living brazenly in a sterile, acidic zonethe stomachthat medical texts had declared
5、 uninhabitable.Marshall and Warrens attempts to culture the bacteria repeatedly failed. But then they caught a lucky breaker rather, outbreak. Drug-resistant staph was sweeping through the hospital. Preoccupied with the infections, lab techs left Marshalls and Warrens petri dishes to languish in a d
6、ark, humid incubator over the long Easter holiday. Those five days were enough time to grow a crop of strange, translucent microbes.Marshall later demonstrated that ulcer-afflicted patients harbored the same strain of bacteria. In 1983, he began successfully treating these sufferers with antibiotics
7、 and bismuth (the active ingredient in Pepto-Bismol). That same year, at an infectious disease conference in Belgium, a questioner in the audience asked Marshall if he thought bacteria caused at least some stomach ulcers. Marshall shot back that he believed bacteria caused all stomach ulcers.Those w
8、ere fighting words. The young physician from Perth was telling the fields academically pedigreed experts that they had it all wrong. “It was impossible to displace the dogma,“ Marshall explained to me in a jaunty, wide-ranging conversation several years ago. “Their agenda was to shut me up and get m
9、e out of gastroenterology and into general practice in the outback.“At first, Marshall couldnt produce the crowning scientific proof of his claim: inducing ulcers in animals by feeding them the bacterium. So in 1984, as he later reported in the Medical Journal of Australia. “a 32-year-old man, a lig
10、ht smoker and social drinker who had no known gastrointestinal disease or family history of peptic ulceration“a superb test subject, in other words“ swallowed the growth from a flourishing three-day culture of the isolate.“The volunteer was Marshall himself, Five days later, and for seven mornings i
11、n a row, he experienced the classic and unpretty symptoms of severe gastritis.Helicobacter pylori have since been blamed not only for the seething inflammation ,of ulcers but also for virtually all stomach cancer. Marshalls antibiotic treatment has replaced surgery as standard care. And the wise guy
12、 booed off the stage at scientific meetings has just won the Nobel Prize.What does all this have to do with scientific freedom? Today, US government funding favors “hypothesis-driven“ rather than “hypothesis-generating“ research. In the former, a scientist starts with a safe supposition and conducts
13、 the experiment to prove or disprove the idea. “If you want to get research funding; you better make sure that youve got the experiment half done,“ Marshall told me. “You have to prove it works before theyll fund you to test it out.“By contrast, in hypothesis-generating research, the scientist inche
14、s forward by hunch, gathering clues and speculating on their meaning. The payoff is never clear. With todays crimped science budgets and intense competition for grants, such risky research rarely gets funded. Proceeding on intuition, Mar- shall told me, “is a luxury that not many researchers have.“I
15、t helps, he added, to be an outsider. “The people who have got a stake in the old technology arc never the ones to embrace the new technology. Its always someone a bit on the periphery-who hasnt got anything to gain by the status quowho is interested in changing it.“（分数：70.00）(1).This weeks Nobel Pr
16、ize winners in medicine proved that most ulcers were caused by a lowly bacterium,（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(2).In the late 1970s, the accepted medical theory was that ulcers were caused by stress, smoking, and alcohol,（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(3).In 1983, Warren began successfully treating sufferers with antibiotics a
17、nd bismuth.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(4).Chinese scientists will win the Nobel Prize soon.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(5).At first, Marshall couldnt produce the crowning scientific proof of his claim.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(6).Marsrolls antibiotic treatment has replaced surgery as standard care.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(7).In hypothesis
18、-driven research, the scientist inches forward by hunch, gathering clues and speculating on their meaning.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(8).If science is to advance, scientists need the _ and the _ to let their imaginations roam.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(9).Marshall and Warrens attempts to _ repeatedly failed.（分数：7.00）填空项
19、 1:_(10).Today, US government funding favors _ rather than _ research.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_三、BPart Listenin(总题数：3，分数：105.00)Questions 11 to 18 are based on the conversation you have just heard.（分数：56.00）A.It doesnt matter which apartment the man chooses.B.Its a difficult decision.C.She doesnt like either
20、 apartment.D.The man should choose a different apartment.A.He had missed an earlier appointment.B.His foot had seemed all right.C.His foot was badly injured and he couldnt walk.D.He was not able to find the doctor.A.Because the taxi driver tried to overcharge him.B.Because the policeman had stopped
21、him.C.Because the taxi driver refused to take him.D.Because he had been overtaken by many cars.A.Pick up the ticket.B.Apologize.C.Go on her vacation.D.Fly to Berlin.A.Finding a summer job.B.Working and studying.C.Taking the summer classes.D.Wait until later to decide,A.He wants the woman to get rid
22、of it.B.He likes it better than the blue one.C.He likes both the red one and the blue one.D.He deem t like it as much as the blue one.A.They both attended the meeting.B.Neither of them attended the meeting.C.The man attended the meeting but the woman didnt.D.The woman attended the meeting but the ma
23、n didnt.A.The man should send applications to more companies.B.The man should make a phone call to the manager first.C.The man should see the manager in person.D.The man has to wait patiently for a reply.Questions 19 to 22 are based on the conversation you have just heard.（分数：28.00）A.Giving a lectur
24、e.B.Discussing physics problems.C.Waiting for a friend.D.Reading twentieth-century literature.A.Telling jokes.B.Staying late after class.C.Falling asleep during class.D.Eating in the canteen.A.They complete all their assignments.B.They study hard for his tests.C.They compete for the best seats in th
25、e class.D.They read all his books.A.They make him feel good.B.They bore him.C.They make no impact on him.D.They make him angry.Questions 23 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.（分数：21.00）A.Shes unable to attend the study session.B.She has seen a doctor recently.C.Shes concerned ab
26、out medical care.D.She mentions the need for sore6 medical tests.A.To improve the study skills of university students.B.To suggest changes in the student government.C.To give people the opportunity to speak with a politician.D.To discuss graduation requirements for political science majors.A.Tell he
27、r what to study for the history test.B.Write a favorable letter of recommendation.C.Advise her about how to run an election campaign.D.Suggest a topic for a research paper.四、BSection B/B(总题数：3，分数：70.00)BPassage OneQuestions 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard./B（分数：21.00）A.Professo
28、r Smith.B.A teaching assistant.C.A specialist in Chemistry.D.A university technician.A.Every day of the week.B.Once a week.C.Once every two weeks.D.Twice a week.A.To demonstrate an experiment.B.To explain the grading procedures.C.To inform the students of the safety measures.D.To tell the students h
29、ow to use the safety equipment.BPassage TwoQuestions 29 to 31 are based on the passage you have just heard./B（分数：21.00）A.Far away from the city.B.Near the city.C.In a small town.D.In the city center.A.The local advertisements.B.The Sunday newspaper.C.The Information Agency.D.The radio and TV station
30、s.A.When they are on holidays.B.on Saturday night.C.On Sunday mornings,D.As soon as they have information.BPassage 3Questions 32 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard./B（分数：28.00）A.The tractor.B.The car.C.The wheel.D.The steam engine.A.People continued to explore new lands.B.People stak
31、ed to make life better.C.People stopped making inventions.D.People started to explore more land.A.The jet plane.B.The radio.C.Movies with sound.D.The computer.A.Progress in medicine.B.Progress in computers.C.Progress in new materials.D.Progress in helicopters.五、BSection C/B(总题数：1，分数：77.00)On the nig
32、ht of the play, Albert was already made-up andU (36) /Uin his policemans uniform long before the end of the first act. HeU (37) /Ulooked the part all right, he thought as heU (38) /Uhimself in the mirror. He even wondered if he should go out into the street to see whatU (39) /Uhe made on people out
33、there Just for a joke, of course!Then he was seized with a sudden attack of stage fright(怯场). How could he face all those people in theU (40) /U? He put his head in his hands and tried to remember his lines. He had only a very small part, but his mind was a completeU (41) /U.A knock on the door made
34、 him look up. He felt reallyU (42) /U. He was due to go onU (43) /Uin the second act. Had he missed his entrance and ruined the play for everybody? But it was only the producer, who noticed what a state he was in.U (44) /U, so that he could watch the play and follow in his script at the same time.U
35、(45) /U. She was right, it seemed to work. In fact,U (46) /U. And he. began to feel himself part of it.Soon it was time for him to act on the stage. As it turned out, he felt quite at ease and acted his part perfectly well.（分数：77.00）(1).（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1
36、:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_六、BPart Reading (总题数：1，分数：90.00)We have spoken of marriage as a formal contract. It should be noted, however, that this contract does notU (47) /Uthe same form in different societies. In Western societies, theU (48) /Uof a man and a woman is given the status of legal marriage
37、by being registered by an officialU (49) /Uby the state. In some African societies, however, marriage has nothing to do with an official registration of this kind but is legalized by the formalU (50) /Uof goods; Generally it is the bridegroom who is required to make aU (51) /Uof goods to the brides
38、kin(亲戚), though sometimes a payment is also made by the bridegrooms kin to that of the bride.Among the Nuer, a people living in Southern Sudan, the payment made to the brides kin,U (52) /Uas bridewealth, is in theU (53) /Uof cattle. Once theU (54) /Uof bridewealth is agreed upon, and the for- mal pa
39、yment is made, the marriage becomes aU (55) /Uunion and the offspring of. the union become the acceptableU (56) /Uof the husband. They remain his children even if the wife subsequently leaves him to live with another man.A exchange B known C union D typeE consumption F recognized G make H formI comm
40、unication J children K legal L paymentM take N amount O money（分数：90.00）(1).（分数：9.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_七、BSection B/B(总题数：2，分数：80.00)BPassage One/BIf there is one thing I hate more than anything else, it is queue-jumping. It is uncultured, selfish,
41、meaner than the meanest act of any lesser animal. For although in order to secure a mate or food or to flee danger, a beast will sometimes stop at nothing in trying to get ahead of the next fellow creature, it at least does it openly, guiltlessly, without the sophistication peculiar only to man.One
42、of the more usual procedures of queue-jumping involves finding an acquaintance in the queue, going up to him, starting a conversation, perhaps offering him a cigarette, and finally squeezing ones way into the line.Even if one does not know a single person in the line, one is not put out. One goes up
43、 and down the queue, studying the faces, deciding on a susceptible one, stopping by its side, moving on as the queue moves on and, at the most opportune moment and without a by-your-leave, plants oneself just ahead of it. If the owner of the face does not protest, as happens more often than you imag
44、ine, the thing is done. On one of the occasions on which I was chosen as the owner of such a face, the queue-jumper even had the cheek to ask: “Wasnt I standing here a moment ago?“Speaking of cheek, I must relate what I overheard a well-dressed middle-aged lady, herself a queue- jumper, remark to an
45、 associate of hers: “Just look at those domestic servants. They are always jumping the queue. Theres no stopping them. “Has ever a beast or bird been known to “out-cheek“ her?（分数：40.00）(1).In order to gain profits, a beast will sometimes _.（分数：8.00）A.help his fellow creatures to share with himB.try
46、to get ahead of the next fellow creature secretlyC.try his best to earn itD.modestly decline(2).The first step of a usual way of queue-jumping is to _.（分数：8.00）A.find a familiar faceB.find a kind personC.start talking with a strangerD.squeeze into the line(3).In the sentence “Even if one does not know a single person in the line, one is not put out.“, “put out“ here means _.（分数：8.00）A.one does not give upB.one will study the facesC.one does not know what to doD.one will not be at a loss(4).The auth
