1、大学四级-497 及答案解析(总分：703.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPart Writing(总题数：1，分数：99.00)1. 1简介中国大学近年扩招情况 2大学扩招可能带来的问题 3采取相关措施解决问题 （分数：99.00）_二、BPart Reading (总题数：1，分数：70.00)B Dont Be Shy/BWe often hear shy people say, “As we talked, I felt uneasy. I worried about how I looked, what I said, how I said what I said, and so
2、 forth.“ If you have never felt this shy, chances are that you know someone who has.BShyness vs. Social Phobia/B (恐惧症)“Very shy people often believe theres something wrong with them and tend to evaluate themselves more negatively than others do,“ says Lynne Henderson, director of the Shyness Clinic
3、in Los Altos, California. John Walker, director of the Anxiety Disorder Program at St. Boniface General Hospital in Canada, describes shyness as “an exaggerated fear of embarrassment and a tendency to hold back in social situations.“Our research reveals that the shy tend to make unrealistic social c
4、omparisons. In a room full of others, their attention is usually drawn to the most socially outstanding person, against whom they compare themselves, unfavorably, of course. Typically, they compound the negative self-image by attributing their own comparatively poor performance to enduring and uncha
5、ngeable internal characteristics - “I was born shy.“ Such attributions only heighten self-consciousness and spoil performance.Shyness is considered a personality trait, not a psychological condition or disorder, and it has varying degrees. But severely shy people are sometimes diagnosed by psycholog
6、ists as also having social anxiety disorder, or social phobia. Shyness that becomes so severe that it interferes significantly our social activities, relationships or occupational functioning could be what experts call social anxiety disorder or “crippling shyness“. Millions of people suffer symptom
7、s of this disorder at some point in their lives. One of them, 51-year-old Earla Dunbar, was virtually house-bound for six years during the 1990s. she was terrified to go outside, even to get the mail, for fear shed run into other people and that they would think the worst of her. In such cases, cogn
8、itive-behavioral therapy and prescription drugs are often required to overcome the problem.Social anxiety is the third largest psychological problem in the United States today. This type of anxiety affects 15 million Americans in any given year. Unlike some other psychological problems, social anxie
9、ty is not well understood by the general public or by medical and mental health care professionals. In fact, people with social anxiety are misdiagnosed almost 90% of the time. People with social phobia come to the anxiety clinic labeled as “schizophrenic“ (精神分裂), “manic- depressive“ (狂郁症) , “clinic
10、ally depressed“, “panic disordered“, and “personality disordered“, among other damaging misdiagnoses.B In the Genes?/BScientists used to think a childs family environment largely dictated his/her emotional development as an adult. But Louis Schmidt, a Canadian psychologist who has been studying brai
11、n development in children and babies for the past 15 years, says while theres probably no single gene for shyness, new research shows some genes appear to play a larger role in predicting whether a person will be shy.“It appears nature has predisposed some children for shyness, “Schmidt says. This m
12、eans that if your parents are shy you will be shy as well. In healthy babies just a few months old who tend to cry when exposed to new situations or people, more activity is detected in their right frontal brain, which regulates behavior and emotion, and their heart rates are higher than those of mo
13、re sociable babies. Many of these kids outgrow shyness, but ten to fifteen percent dont.This kind of world we live in may also contribute to an increase in the number of shy people since today theres less face-to-face contact required in daily life. Some experts believe the cyberspace generation are
14、 accustomed to email, computer games, bank machines and other automated services and it means modern people are at the risk of failing to develop social skills.B Can Shyness Affect Career?/BA 1995 survey found that about 48% of the 800 respondents considered themselves shy. While many of us consider
15、 ourselves shy, not all of those who do allow it to define us. For example, I have always considered myself to be a shy person. However, when I took a quiz, which rates level of shyness, the results showed that I was moderately shy. W-hat this means is that, though I sometimes experience feelings as
16、sociated with shyness, I have not allowed these feelings to keep me from pursuing my personal and professional goals.However, there are still some people whose shyness gets in the way of their career development. Researchers have found that such people tend to begin their careers later than non-shy
17、people. They are also more apt to refuse promotions. They choose careers that are less interpersonal and are more undecided about which field to pursue. Once in a career, shy people have a harder time developing a career identity - an image of themselves as competent or successful within a career tr
18、ack.While most of us feel nervous before making a presentation, some people are so shy that they cant attend parties or go on a dinner date. Others cant talk 0n the phone to strangers, voice an opinion in a work or social setting or return things to a store because it involves confronting tile custo
19、mer-service person. Some cant even make eye contact. “For them, shyness is a cocoon (蚕茧 ) ,“ says Walker. “Its safe and warm and quiet, but it can also be confining, dark and lonely.“B Combat Shyness/BOne of the solutions to shyness is a greater understanding of its internal dynamics. It is importan
20、t to note that a critical feature of shyness is a slowness to warm up. Shy people simply require extra time to adjust to unfamiliar or stressful situations, including even everyday conversations and social gatherings. They also need more time to master the developmental barriers of life. The good ne
21、ws is that shy people eventually achieve everything that everyone else does - they date, marry, have children. The bad news is, it takes them a little longer.An unfortunate consequence of the shy being on this delayed schedule is that they lack social support through many important life experiences.
22、 When they start dating and want to talk about first-date worries, for example, their peers will be talking about weddings. As a result, the shy may need to take an especially active role in finding others who are in their situation. One way is to build social support by starting groups of like-mind
23、ed people. Another is to seek out existing groups of shy people, perhaps via the Internet. While technology often works against the shy, it can also lend them an unexpected helping hand.B The Successfully Shy/BEvery shy person believes shyness is a problem located exclusively within the self. But ex
24、perts suggest that the solution to shyness lies outside the self. To break free of the prison of shyness, you must stop dwelling on your own insecurities and become more aware of people around you.Experts have identified a group of people called the successfully, shy. Essentially, they recognize tha
25、t they are shy. They develop an understanding of the nature and dynamics of shyness, its impact on the body, on cognitive processes and on behavior. And they take action based on that self- awareness. The successfully shy overcome their social anxiety by letting go of their self- consciousness, that
26、 inward focus of attention on the things they cant do well (like tell a joke). They accept that they arent great at small talk or that they get so nervous in social situations that they cant draw on what is inside their mind. Or that they are paying so much attention to their feelings that they dont
27、 pay full attention to the person theyre talking to. In place of self- consciousness, they substitute self-awareness. Rather than becoming anxious about their silence in a conversation, they plan ahead of time to have something to say, or rehearse asking questions. They arrive early at parties to fe
28、el comfortable in their new setting. By contrast, less successful shy people arrive late in an effort to blend in. The fact is, these are the same kinds of strategies that non-shy people employ.The successfully shy also take steps at the transpersonal level, getting involved in the lives of others.
29、They start small, making sure their day-to-day exchanges involve contact with other people. When they pick up a newspaper, for instance, they dont just hand over their money. They focus on the seller, thanking him or her for the service. This creates a social environment favorable to positive intera
30、ctions. Once the shy are more outwardly focused on the lives of other people, shyness no longer controls them.The successfully shy dont change who they are. They change the way they think and the actions they make. There is nothing wrong with being shy.（分数：70.00）(1).The passage mainly analyzes the d
31、ifferences between shyness and social phobia as well as the causes behind these two problems.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(2).Shyness, except in the very severe cases, is more of a personality trait than a psychological disorder.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(3).Some shy people may be misdiagnosed as having social anxiety dis
32、order.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(4).Modem scientists believe that family environment plays a larger role in causing shyness in a child than genetic predisposition.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(5).Shyness varies in degrees, and mild to moderate shyness wont necessarily form a barrier to a persons career development.（分数：7.0
33、0）填空项 1:_(6).By replacing self-consciousness with self-awareness, shy people can learn to control their shyness.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(7).The successfully shy are the people who are born shy but managed to become a success in their career.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(8).According to shyness experts, shy people tend t
34、o have a negative self-image and withdraw from _.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(9).The growing number of shy people in modern society is largely due to technological advances that allow for fewer _.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(10).It is advisable for the shy to turn to the Internet for like-minded people and _（分数：7.00）填空项 1:
35、_三、BPart Listenin(总题数：3，分数：105.00)Questions 11 to 18 are based on the conversation you have just heard.（分数：56.00）A.He cant explain some concepts of engineering.B.He regularly gives talks to high school students.C.He doesnt want the woman to postpone the talk.D.He hasnt finished preparing for his pre
36、sentation.A.To be an architect.B.To go into the business.C.To be more interesting.D.To become an artist.A.Photocopy the book at Sands store.B.Go back to the school bookstore and look near the side.C.Go to the bookstore near the school.D.Go to the bookstore near the Sams.A.She rarely makes mistakes.B
37、.Her boss is hard to work with.C.She always tells others what she thinks.D.She regretted having replaced the secretary.A.He is always late on Friday.B.He is most forgetful on Friday.C.He is always behind on his work on Friday.D.He prefers Friday mornings to; Monday mornings.A.Mary forgot about the s
38、eminar.B.Mary has been ill for several weeks.C.Mary wasnt able to attend the seminar.D.Mary hadnt planned to attend the seminar.A.Dave will never listen.B.She doesnt know Dave.C.She thinks Dave is insane.D.She thinks Dave will listen one day.A.She may not be able to help the man.B.She will talk to J
39、udy about the problem.C.She isnt sure if Judy can solve the problem.D.The man should solve the problem by himself.Questions 19 to 22 are based on the conversation you have just heard.（分数：28.00）A.When to move.B.Where to live the following year.C.How much time to spend at home.D.Whose house to visit.A
40、.Take some money to the housing office.B.Inform the director of student housing in a letter.C.Fill out a form in the library.D.Maintain a high grade average.A.Both live on campus:B.Both live off campus.C.The man lives on campus; the woman lives off campus.D.The woman lives on campus; the man lives o
41、n campus.A.Grades.B.Privacy.C.Sports.D.Money.Questions 23 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.（分数：21.00）A.Shes impressed with the ticket sellers.B.Shes pleased about the mans purchase.C.Shes uncertain about the change in plans.D.Shes resigned to the situation.A.By writing a perso
42、nal check.B.By changing them to their personal account.C.By paying in cash.D.By using a store credit card.A.Stay where he is.B.Go home to telephone the order.C.Try to get the tickets elsewhere.D.Return after lunch.四、BSection B/B(总题数：3，分数：70.00)BPassage OneQuestions 26 to 28 are based on the passage
43、you have just heard./B（分数：21.00）A.Some Americans look down upon Asian-Americans.B.Some Americans blame China for the trade imbalance.C.Some Americans blame Japanese for the trade imbalance and loss of jobs.D.Americans think that they lost their jobs because Asian-Americans have taken the job places.
44、A.They try very hard to save money.B.They take part in the movement for more power.C.They put more of their energy into their business.D.They pay more attention to taking care of their families.A.They want to be more powerful than other American minorities.B.They want to gain more economic benefits.
45、C.They want to be united into a new political force.D.They want to be absorbed into American culture.BPassage TwoQuestions 29 to 31 are based on the passage you have just heard./B（分数：21.00）A.Two.B.Three.C.Four.D.Five.A.Walk around the apartment for dangerous signs.B.Check the water and electricity t
46、o see if they are working.C.Make sure there are good locks on all the windows and doors.D.Talk to other people who rent apartments in the same building.A.Deposit some money in a bank.B.Read the lease carefully and sign it.C.Ask the landlord for a damage deposit.D.Sign the contract and pay a security
47、 deposit.BPassage Three Questions 32 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard./B（分数：28.00）A.The advantages of traditional surveying methods.B.Using satellites to communicate with mountain climbers.C.Obtaining new information about a mountain.D.Controlling satellites from the top of a mount
48、ain.A.To indicate how climbers communicated.B.To show that climbers enjoyed many comforts.C.To show that modern telephones work at high altitudes.D.To emphasize how small some equipment had become.A.Detailed maps from previous studies.B.Recent advances in technology.C.Plenty of funding for the study.D.Experience carrying heavy loads up mountains.A.To carry information that would help determine elevation.B.To provide accurate weather reports.C.To relay information from scientists arou
