1、大学四级-343 及答案解析(总分：703.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPart Writing(总题数：1，分数：106.00)1.Although it is convenient and enjoyable to own a car, people have to suffer troubles caused by traffic jam_. 2. Considering causes of the problem, measures could be taken by the local government in the following aspects_. 3. With
2、a sound transportation system_,（分数：106.00）_二、BPart Reading (总题数：1，分数：70.00)B Testing TimesResearchers are working on ways to reduce the need for animal experiments, but new laws may increase the number of experiments needed. The current situation/BIn an ideal world, people would not perform experime
3、nts on animals. For the people, they are expensive. For the animals, they are stressful and often painful.That ideal world, sadly, is still some way away. People need new drugs and vaccines. They want protection from the toxicity of chemicals. The search for basic scientific answers goes on. Indeed,
4、 the European Commission is forging ahead with proposals that will increase the number of animal experiments carried out in the European Union, by requiring toxicity tests on every chemical approved for use within the unions borders in the past 25 years.Already, the commission has identified 140,000
5、 chemicals that have not yet been tested. It wants 30,000 of these to be examined right away, and plans to spend between 4 billion 8 billion ($5 billion10 billion) doing so. The number of animals used for toxicity testing in Europe will thus, experts reckon, quintuple (翻五倍) from just over lm a year
6、to about 5m, unless they are saved by some dramatic advances in non-animal testing technology. At the moment, roughly 10% of European animal tests are for general toxicity, 35% for basic research, 45% for drugs and vaccines, and the remaining 10% a variety of uses such as diagnosing diseases.Animal
7、experimentation will therefore be around for some time yet. But the search for substitutes continues, and last weekend the Middle European Society for Alternative Methods to Animal Testing met in Linz, Austria, to review progress.A good place to start finding alternatives for toxicity tests is the l
8、iver-the organ responsible for breaking toxic chemicals down into safer molecules that can then be excreted. Two firms, one large and one small, told the meeting how they were using human liver cells removed incidentally during surgery to test various substances for long-term toxic effects. BOne way
9、 out of the problem/BPrimeCyte, the small firm, grows its cells in cultures over a few weeks and doses them regularly with the substance under investigation. The characteristics of the cells are carefully monitored, to look for changes in their microanatomy.Pfizer, the big firm, also doses its cultu
10、res regularly, but rather than studying individual cells in detail, it counts cell numbers. If the number of cells in a culture changes after a sample is added, that suggests the chemical in question is bad for the liver.In principle, these techniques could be applied to any chemical. In practice, d
11、rugs (and, in the case of PrimeCyte, food supplements) are top of the list. But that might change if the commission has its way: those 140,000 screenings look like a lucrative market, although nobody knows whether the new tests will be ready for use by 2009, when the commission proposes that testing
12、 should start.Other tissues, too, can be tested independently of animals. Epithelix, a small firm in Geneva, has developed an artificial version of the lining of the lungs. According to Huang Song, one of Epithelixs researchers, the firms cultured cells have similar microanatomy to those found in na
13、tural lung linings, and respond in the same way to various chemical messengers. Dr. Huang says that they could be used in long-term toxicity tests of airborne chemicals and could also help identify treatments for lung diseases.The immune system can be mimicked and tested, too. ProBioGen, a company b
14、ased in Berlin, is developing an artificial human lymph node (淋巴结) which, it reckons, could have prevented the neardisastrous consequences of a drag trial held in Britain three months ago, in which (despite the drag having passed animal tests) six men suffered multiple organ failure and nearly died.
15、 The drug the men were given made their immune systems hyperactive. Such a response would, the firms scientists reckon, nave teen identified by their lymph node, which is made from cells that provoke the immune system into a response. ProBioGens lymph node could thus work better than animal testing.
16、BA second alternative/BAnother way of cutting the number of animal experiments would be to change the way that vaccines are tested, according to Coenraad Hendriksen of the Netherlands Vaccine Institute. At the moment, all batches of vaccine are subject to the same battery of tests. Dr. Hendriksen ar
17、gues that this is over-rigorous. When new vaccine cultures are made, belt-and-braces tests obviously need to be applied. But if a batch of vaccine is derived from an existing culture, he suggests that it need be tested only to make sure it is identical to the batch from which it is derived. That wou
18、ld require fewer test animals.All this suggests that though there is still some way to go before drugs, vaccines and other substances can be tested routinely on cells rather than live animals, useful progress is being made. What is harder to see is how the use of animals might be banished from funda
19、mental research. BWeighing the balance/BIn basic scientific research, where the object is to understand how, say, the brain works rather than to develop a drug to treat brain disease, the whole animal is often necessarily the object of study. Indeed, in some cases, scientific advances are making ani
20、mal tests more valuable, rather than less. Geneticmodification techniques mean that mice and rats can be remodelled to make them exhibit illnesses that they would not normally suffer from. Also, genes for human proteins can be added to them, so that animal tests will more closely mimic human respons
21、es. This offers the opportunity to understand human diseases better, and to screen treatments before human trials begin. However, the very creation of these mutants (突变异种) counts as an animal experiment in its own right, so the number of experiments is increasing once again.What is bad news for rode
22、nts, though, could be good news for primates. Apes and monkeys belong to the same group of mammals as humans, and are thus seen as the best subjects for certain sorts of experiment. To the extent that rodents can be “humanised“, the number of primate experiments might be reduced.Some people, of cour
23、se, would like to see them eliminated altogether, regardless of the effect on useful research. On June 6th the British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection, an animal-rights group, called for the use of primates in research to be banned. For great apes, this has already happened. Britain, Austria,
24、 the Netherlands, New Zealand and Sweden have ended experiments on chimpanzees, gorillas, bonobos and orang-utans. Experiments on monkeys, though, are still permitted. And some countries have not banned experiments on apes. In America, for example, about 1,000 chimpanzees a year are used in research
25、.This is a difficult area. Great apes are mans closest relatives, having parted company from the human family tree only a few million years ago. Hence it can be (and is) argued that they are indispensable for certain sorts of research. On the other hand, a recent study by Andrew Knight and his colle
26、agues at Animal Consultants International, an animal-advocacy group, casts doubt on the claim that apes are used only for work of vital importance to humanity. Important papers tend to get cited as references in subsequent studies, so Mr. Knight looked into the number of citations received by 749 sc
27、ientific papers published as a result of invasive experiments on captive chimpanzees. Half had received not a single citation up to ten years after their original publication.That is damning. Animal experiments are needed for the advance of medical science, not to mention peoples safety. But if scie
28、ntists are to keep the sympathy of the public, they need to do better than that.（分数：70.00）(1).The passage summarizes harmful effects of animal experiment. However, as animal experiment is indispensable in a number of areas, it might not be stopped or replaced by other alternatives.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(2
29、).Animal experiments are needed in research to find new drugs and vaccines, and to find ways of protection from the toxicity of chemicals.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(3).It is predicted by experts that the number of animals used for toxicity testing in Europe will quintuple due to a plan to have a large variety
30、 of chemical tested.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(4).People are trying to find alternatives to animal testing, and they started with liver.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(5).PrimeCyte and Pfizer began to find alternatives to animal testing because they were advocates of animal protection.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(6).It is found that ti
31、ssues from liver, lung, and immune system can all be tested independently of animals.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(7).Although there is more than one alternative to animal experiment, there is still concern over how to eliminate animal testing in fundamental research.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(8).In basic scientific resea
32、rch, the object is to understand how, say, the brain works rather than to develop a drug to _ brain disease.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(9).Indeed, in some cases, scientific advances are making animal tests（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(10).Recently, an animal-advocacy group casts doubt on the scientists claim that apes are
33、used only for（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_三、BPart Listenin(总题数：3，分数：105.00)Questions 11 to 18 are based on the conversation you have just heard.（分数：56.00）A.She accepts it.B.She rejects it.C.She tells him to decide for himself.D.She will think about it.A.Catch a bus.B.Demand a telephone number.C.Cash a check.D.Ma
34、ke a phone call.A.His relation with the woman comes to an end.B.He is going to take an air trip.C.He is expressing his gratefulness.D.He feels ashamed to ask for excuse.A.She thinks its too far from her home.B.She likes new working environment.C.She doesnt like the company she is working with.D.She
35、wants to save money for a journey.A.$1.00.B.$5.00.C.$0.75.D.$3.25.A.It is appropriate.B.It is too informal.C.It is normal.D.It is too formal.A.Roses new husband is a writer.B.The man shouldnt believe everything he read.C.Appearances are often deceiving.D.She likes Roses new husbands book.A.She saw a
36、n ad. in the newspaper.B.She learned about it from a friend.C.She heard about it during a television interview.D.She saw it on a list of job openings.Questions 19 to 22 are based on the conversation you have just heard.（分数：28.00）A.In a hotel.B.In a restaurant.C.In a hospital.D.In a shop.A.Shampoo.B.
37、Bath-foam.C.Shower hat.D.Comb.A.Remove it.B.Replace it.C.Press a button.D.Not mentioned.A.A book.B.A remote controller.C.A mini-bar.D.A pencil.Questions 23 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.（分数：21.00）A.In a hotel.B.In a restaurant.C.In a hospital.D.In a shop.A.Because her frien
38、d asked her to buy one.B.Because she wanted to buy one.C.Because she wanted to give it as a gift to her friend.D.Because she wanted to apologize to her friend.A.$60.00.B.$40.00.C.$48.00.D.$54.00.四、BSection B/B(总题数：3，分数：70.00)BPassage OneQuestions 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard
39、./B（分数：21.00）A.110,000.B.1.2 million.C.One million.D.Over a thousand.A.Heart disease and lung cancer.B.Heart disease and increased blood pressure.C.Increased blood pressure and lung cancer.D.Increased heart rate and lung cancer.A.It is a powerful and fast-acting drug.B.It causes the familiar yellow
40、and brown stain.C.Increased heart rate, and blood disease.D.Increased heart rate, and blood pressure.BPassage TwoQuestions 29 to 31 are based on the passage you have just heard./B（分数：21.00）A.A barber and businessman.B.A broadcaster.C.A businessman and broadcaster.D.A barber and broadcaster.A.He sent
41、 her to the University of Tennessee.B.He got her a job as a broadcaster.C.He gave her the discipline she needed.D.He taught her speech and performing arts.A.She was Americas first African-American broadcaster.B.Ordinary people loved her.C.She dealt with very personal issues in a frank and honest way
42、.D.She was a star in the film The Color Purple.BPassage ThreeQuestions 32 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard./B（分数：28.00）A.Make long road or rail tunnels safer.B.Make long road or rail tunnels easier.C.Make long road or rail tunnels quicker.D.Make long road or rail tunnels more effic
43、ient.A.41.B.410.C.14.D.214.A.It runs on a monorail.B.It can move on a monorail suspended from the roof of the tunnel.C.It is in position in the middle of the tunnel,D.It can take quick action.A.Detect the smoke quickly.B.Take quick action.C.Close the tunnel.D.Install a Robogat.五、BSection C/B(总题数：1，分
44、数：77.00)Language is an amazing phenomenon. Speech theU (36) /Uof sounds to convey meaning is a kind of human action. Like any otherU (37) /Urepeated actions, speaking has to be learned. But once it is learned, it becomes a generallyU (38) /Uand apparently automatic process.As far as we canU (39) /U,
45、 human beings do not need to be forced to speak. Most babies seem toU (40) /Ua sort of instinctive drive to produceU (41) /Unoises. How to speak and what to say are another matterU (42) /U. These actions are learned from file particular society in which the baby is born; so that, like ail conduct an
46、dU (43) /Uthat is learned from a society from the people around us speech is a patterned activity.U (44) /Uinto a few orderly patterns, accepted as meaningful by the people around him.U (45) /UHowever, a child born into a society with a pattern of language is encouraged o make a small selection of s
47、ounds.U (46) /U（分数：77.00）(1).（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_六、BPart Reading (总题数：1，分数：90.00)What is suburbanization? If by “suburb“ is meant an urbanU (47) /Uthat grows more rapidly than its already developed interior, the process of suburbanization began during theU (48) /Uof the industrial city in the second quarter of the 19th century. Before that period the city was a small highlyU (49) /Ucluster in which people move about on foot an
