1、大学四级-281 及答案解析(总分：693.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPart Writing(总题数：1，分数：106.00)1.简述一次与朋友或同学难忘的野餐 2描述当时野餐的情况 3谈谈自己的感受和体会 B An Unforgettable Picnic/B（分数：106.00）_二、BPart Reading (总题数：1，分数：70.00)B How Exercise Makes You Smarter/BExercise does more than build muscles and help prevent heart disease. New science show
2、s that it also boosts brainpower-and may offer hope in the battle against Alzheimer(痴呆症).The stereotype of the “dumb jock“ has never sounded right to Charles Hillman. A jock himself, he plays hockey four times a week, but when he isnt body-checking his opponents on the ice, hes giving his mind a com
3、parable workout in his neuroscience and kinesiology lab at the University of Illinois. Recently he started wondering if there was a vital and overlooked link between brawn and brains-if long hours at the gym could somehow build up not just muscles, but minds. With colleagues, he started an experimen
4、t. He rounded up 259 Illinois third and fifth graders, measured their body-mass index and put them through classic PE routines: the “sit-and-reach“, a brisk run and timed push-ups and sit-ups. Then he checked their physical abilities against their math and reading scores on a statewide standardized
5、test. Sure enough, on the whole, the kids with the fittest bodies were the ones with the fittest brains, even when factors such as socioeconomic status were taken into account. Sports, Hillman concluded, might indeed be boosting the students intellect.Hillmans study, which will be published later th
6、is year, isnt definitive enough to stand alone. But it doesnt have to: it is part of a recent and rapidly growing movement in science showing that exercise can make people smarter. Other scientists have found that vigorous exercise can cause nerve cells to form dense, interconnected webs that make t
7、he brain run faster and more efficiently. And there are clues that physical activity can stay away from the beginnings of Alzheimers disease, ADHD and other cognitive disorders. No matter your age, it seems, a strong, active body is crucial for building a strong, active mind.Some scientists have alw
8、ays suspected as much, although they have not been able to prove it. Now, however, armed with brain-scanning tools and a sophisticated understanding of biochemistry, researchers are realizing that the mental effects of exercise are far more profound and complex processes than they once thought. The
9、processes start in the muscles. When the exercise is available, the muscle sends out chemicals, including a protein called IGF-1 that travels through the bloodstream, across the blood-brain barrier and into the brain itself. And then the brain issues orders fuels almost all the activities that lead
10、to higher thought.With regular exercise, the body builds up its levels of BDNF, and the brains nerve cells start to branch out, join together and communicate with each other in new ways. This is the process that underlies learning: every change in the junctions between brain cells signifies a new fa
11、ct or skill thats been picked up for future use. BDNF makes that process possible. Brains with more of it have a greater capacity for knowledge. On the other hand, says UCLA neuroscientist Fernando G6mez-Pinilla, a brain thats low on BDNF shuts itself off to new information.Most people maintain fair
12、ly constant levels of BDNF in adulthood. But as they age, their individual neurons (神经)slowly start to die off. Until the mid-90s, scientists thought the loss was permanent-that the brain couldnt make new nerve cells to replace the dead ones. But animal studies over the last decade have overturned t
13、hat assumption, showing that “neurogenesis“ (神经发生)in some parts of the brain can be induced easily with exercise. Last weeks study, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, extended that principle to humans for the first time. After working out for three months, all the subj
14、ects appeared to regain new neurons. This, too, might be BDNF at work, transforming stem cells into full-grown, functional neurons. “It was extremely exciting to see this exercise effect in humans for the first time,“ says Scott Small, a Columbia University Medical Center neurologist who coauthored
15、the study with Salk Institute neurobiologist Fred Gage. “In terms of trying to understand what it means, the field is just exploding.“As far as scientists know, the new neurons created by exercise are produced in only one place: the dentate gyrus, an area that controls learning and memory. This regi
16、on helps the brain match names to faces-one of the first skills to erode as we age. New neurons cant grow throughout the rest of the brain. But other regions benefit from exercise in many secondary ways. Blood volume, like brain volume, increases with exercise. Active adults have less inflammation i
17、n the brain. They also have fewer “little possibility of strokes that can impair cognition without the person even knowing,“ says Kristine Yaffe, a neuroscientist from University of California. Still other researchers have found that athletes have more cells that support neurons and increase neurotr
18、ansmitters after theyre used to send messages from cell to cell. And even the levels of those neurotransmitters are higher in people who exercise frequently.Unlike neurogenesis, which can take weeks to occur, most of these additional effects appear almost immediately. Get off the treadmill (踩单车) aft
19、er a half-hour workout, says Hillman, and “within 48 minutes“ your brain will be in better shape. But alas, these benefits are somewhat transient(短暂的). Like weight, mental fitness has to be maintained. New neurons, and the connections between them, will stick around for years, but within a month of
20、inactivity, “it will shrink down, and then the neurons dont function as well anymore,“ says William Greenough, a psychologist at the University of Illinois. Let your body go, then, and your brain will follow.To keep the effects, youve got to keep working out. “If youre thinking that by exercising at
21、 age 20 youre going to have some effect on what youre like at age 70,“ Greenough adds, youd better be willing to commit to 50 years of hitting the gym. Unless, that is, youre a kid. Most studies of exercise and cognition have focused on older people-the folks who are just starting to worry that thei
22、r minds arent what they used to be-but the effects of physical exertion on the brain arent limited to that group at all. In fact, in young children, theyre even more potent. Exercise probably has “a more long-lasting effect on brains that are still developing,“ says Phil Tomporowski, a professor of
23、exercise science at the University of Georgia. In kids, as in adults, the brain reaps many benefits from exercise. This wont surprise parents of kids with ADHD, many of whom already use physical activity as a substitute or supplement for drugs.（分数：70.00）(1).What is the new benefit of exercise found
24、by those scientists?（分数：7.00）A.It can build muscles.B.It can prevent heart disease.C.It can keep people healthy.D.It can improve brainpower.(2).Whats the conclusion that Charles Hillman got from his experiment?（分数：7.00）A.Exercise can keep students healthy.B.Exercise can improve students brainpower.C
25、.Exercise can prevent students from disease.D.Exercise can help students build muscles.(3).As some scientists have found, the vigorous exercise can make nerve cells to form interconnected webs that make the brain run _.（分数：7.00）A.steadily and more effectivelyB.faster and more efficientlyC.more power
26、fullyD.more effectively(4).With the brain-scanning tools and understanding of biochemistry, researchers found the mental effects of exercise start in _.（分数：7.00）A.the brainB.the bloodstreamC.the musclesD.the arms(5).What is the running course of IGF-I in improving peoples brainpower?（分数：7.00）A.muscl
27、e-brain-bloodstreamB.bloodstream-muscle-brainC.muscle-bloodstream-brainD.bloodstream-brain-muscle(6).During the process of learning, every change in the connection between brain cells signifies an acquired _.（分数：7.00）A.new fact or informationB.new image and skillC.new fact and skillD.new fact or ski
28、ll(7).Those animals studies have shown that the “neurogenesis“ in some parts of the brain can be regained by _.（分数：7.00）A.doing exerciseB.taking medical treatmentC.having a good restD.learning more knowledge(8).As far as scientists know, the new neurons created by exercise are only produced in the d
29、entate gyrus controlling _.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(9).According to William Greenough, if there is no exercise within a month, the new neurons, and the connections between them will _.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(10).According to Phil Tomporowski, compared with those older people, effects of exercise on the brains are
30、probably more long-lasting to those _.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_三、BPart Listenin(总题数：3，分数：105.00)Questions 11 to 18 are based on the conversation you have just heard.（分数：56.00）A.Mr. Smith is very kind.B.The woman need not worry.C.He is worried.D.He likes Mr. smith.A.In an airplane.B.In a hotel.C.In a restaura
31、nt.D.In a store.A.The woman told Fred to meet them at six.B.The roommate met Fred at six.C.Fred gave the roommate the message.D.The woman told the roommate to give Fred the message.A.There was no electricity in his area.B.The game wasnt shown in his area.C.He didnt want to watch the game.D.He didnt
32、have a TV.A.Both the man and the woman hate collecting stamps.B.The woman is very fond of collecting stamps.C.Neither of them feels collecting stamps is an easy thing.D.The man prefers long walk to music.A.Because she has lost the book.B.Because she has brought the wrong book.C.Because she has forgo
33、tten to bring the book.D.Because she has lent the book to someone else.A.She is angry with the man,B.She disagrees with the man.C.She is impatient to the man.D.She is worried about the man.A.Because its bad for her health.B.Because it makes her smelly.C.Because it makes her cough.D.Because its a bad
34、 example to the children.Questions 19 to 21 are based on the conversation you have just heard.（分数：21.00）A.Because he cant find his office key.B.Because he has misplaced some exams.C.Because hes unable to talk.D.Because he doesnt like his classroom.A.Teach Dons class while he is absent.B.Give Profess
35、or Webster the key to Dons office.C.Make an appointment with the doctor.D.Return some exams to the students.A.To put the homework on Dons desk.B.To leave the key for Don.C.To give Dons students the next assignment.D.To call Don at the end of the afternoon.Questions 22 to 25 are based on the conversa
36、tion you have just heard.（分数：28.00）A.Its too noisy.B.Its not convenient to the university.C.The heating system is not functioning.D.The owner is unpleasant.A.Because she cant find someone to replace it.B.Because she doesnt have time to replace it.C.Because she doesnt want to pay for it.D.Because no
37、one knows how to replace it.A.Tell the owner two months in advance that shes moving.B.Tell the housing authorities about her problem.C.Move to another apartment in the same building.D.Leave at the end of the month.A.Rent would be very expensive.B.Public transportation wouldnt be available.C.Apartmen
38、ts in Winsor are old.D.Apartments in Winsor tend to be noisy.四、BSection B/B(总题数：3，分数：70.00)BPassage OneQuestions 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard./B（分数：21.00）A.The performance required for a certain job.B.The required behavior, knowledge and skills.C.The training contents and me
39、thods required.D.The costs and the quality of the programme.A.The difference between a job description and a job specification.B.The difference between what is taught and how it is taught.C.The difference between the costs and the quality of the programme.D.The difference between learning about skil
40、ls and training in using them.A.The training methods and the quality of the training staff.B.The performance of the trainees in the programme.C.The places where the training programmes take place.D.The way to evaluate the training programme.BPassage TwoQuestions 29 to 31 are based on the passage you
41、 have just heard./B（分数：21.00）A.When they dont have a car.B.When they live in a huge country.C.When they dont use planes.D.when they have a car.A.The United States is huge.B.Public transportation is not so good.C.Americans like to be independent.D.Americans like to move around.A.A new kind of car.B.P
42、ublic transportation.C.The gas shortage.D.Poor people.BPassage ThreeQuestions 32 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard./B（分数：28.00）A.In a fast-food restaurant.B.At a shopping center.C.At a county fair.D.In a bakery.A.Avoid eating any food.B.Prepare the right type of pie to eat.C.Wash hi
43、s hands thoroughly.D.Practice eating a pie quickly.A.On the table.B.Behind his back.C.Under his bottom.D.On his lap.A.Looking sideways to see how fast your neighbor eats.B.Eating from the outside toward the middle.C.Swallowing the pie with water.D.Holding the pie in the right position.五、BSection C/B
44、(总题数：1，分数：77.00)When a consumer finds that an item she or he bought is faulty or does not live up to the manufacturers claim for it, the first step is to present the guarantee at the store. In most cases, this action will U(36) /U results. However, if it does not, there are various means the consume
45、r may use to gain U(37) /U. A simple and common method used by many consumers is to complain directly to the store manager. In general, the “higher up“ the consumer takes his or her U(38) /U , the faster he or she can expect it to be settled. In such a case, it is usually settled in the consumers U(
46、39) /U, if he or she has a just claim. Consumers should go to the store of U(40) /U to complain whenever possible, but if they cannot get to the store, it is U(41) /U to phone or write the complaint in a letter. Complaining is usually most U(42) /U when it is done politely but firmly, and especially
47、 when the consumer can show what is wrong with the U(43) /U in question. If this cannot be done, U(44) /U. The store manager may advise the consumer to write to the manufacturer. If so, U(45) /U. But if a polite complaint does not achieve the desired result, the consumer can go a step further. U(46)
48、 /U（分数：77.00）(1).（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_六、BPart Reading (总题数：1，分数：90.00)One of the problems in our daily lives is that many of us rush through the day, with no time for anything.and when we have time to get a bite to eat, we gobble (狼吞虎咽) i
