1、大学四级-191 及答案解析(总分：710.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Writing(总题数：1，分数：106.00)1.Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Should Smoking Be Banned in Public Places? You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words following the outline given below. 1近年来
2、越来越多的公共场所禁烟 2这项举措在受到拥护的同时也引发了争议 3我的看法 Should Smoking Be Banned in Public Places?（分数：106.00）_二、Part Listening Com(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Section A(总题数：3，分数：49.00)Questions 1 and 2 will be based on the following news item. （分数：14.00）A.21 years old.B.5 years old.C.17 months old.D.5 months old.A.They were sepa
3、rated by the US doctors.B.They were born with joined heads.C.Their father is too young to bring them up.D.They were sad to leave the staff.Questions 3 and 4 will be based on the following news item. （分数：14.00）A.Their products were not registered.B.The quality of their products didn“t meet the standa
4、rd.C.They fixed price with the local seller.D.They bribed health workers to promote products.A.Information about the health benefits of bottle-feeding.B.Instruction for the appropriate preparation in two languages.C.Information on how to choose the milk powder properly.D.Instructions to help mothers
5、 make up the milk.Questions 5 to 7 will be based on the following news item. （分数：21.00）A.It changed its policy on posts with violent speech.B.It identified people who hate terrorists.C.It raised the anger of terrorists.D.It suspended some accounts for religious reason.A.Updating their information fr
6、equently.B.Posting hateful things regularly.C.Using multiple accounts.D.Suspending some of their accounts.A.They can“t stop terrorists communicating through this channel.B.They didn“t adjust their policy over the past year.C.They didn“t make an effort to gain promotion from the public.D.They don“t u
7、pdate their service frequently enough.四、Section B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)五、Conversation One(总题数：1，分数：28.00)Questions 8 to 11 are based on the conversation you have just heard. （分数：28.00）A.Recycling and its benefits.B.The group she belongs to.C.Her belief on environmental protection.D.The project her group is
8、 involved in.A.To get funding from the city“s recycling center.B.To raise people“s awareness of recycling.C.To force the government to change its actions on plant funding.D.To prevent the government from funding the main plant.A.The council cares about the issues.B.The group has been dealing with th
9、e issues.C.The group has cut off the main plant.D.The woman has been interviewed several times.A.Writing an article in the newspapers.B.Dumping garbage on the city lawn.C.Publishing an editorial to show disapproval.D.Organizing several strikes in the streets.六、Conversation Two(总题数：1，分数：28.00)Questio
10、ns 12 to 15 are based on the conversation you have just heard. （分数：28.00）A.To spend a holiday and see friends.B.To attend the Arts Festival.C.To visit the exhibition of cellos.D.To give private cello lessons.A.It was specially made for him by his uncle.B.He got it from his uncle.C.He has been using
11、it since the age of eight.D.A cello maker gave it to him as a present.A.Half size.B.Two-thirds size.C.Full size.D.Three-fifths size.A.He reserves a seat for it.B.He leaves it at home.C.He ships it by express.D.He shares the seat with it.七、Section C(总题数：0，分数：0.00)八、Passage One(总题数：1，分数：57.00)Question
12、s 16 to 19 are based on the passage you have just heard. （分数：57.00）A.People who are over 65 years old.B.People whose life is different from younger ones.C.People who retire from full-time work.D.People who live far away from their family.A.Money.B.Safety.C.Family.D.Health.A.Communities near their fa
13、mily.B.Communities in big cities.C.Communities in warm climates.D.Communities in the countryside.A.The number of senior citizens is increasing rapidly.B.The problem of senior citizen becomes more serious.C.Senior citizens are less active than before.D.More senior citizens are involved in politics.九、
14、Passage Two(总题数：1，分数：43.50)Questions 20 to 22 are based on the passage you have just heard. （分数：43.50）A.She was famous for her sharply funny comments.B.She served as the governor of Texas for 2 years.C.She helped black people to get their rights.D.She worked as a teacher of four students.A.Deputy Se
15、cretary.B.Foreign minister.C.Country commissioner.D.State governor.A.Ann Richards created a world for all the young people.B.Ann Richards was the greatest feminist in the US.C.Ann Richards helped young girls find their places.D.Ann Richards was a kind-hearted person.十、Passage Three(总题数：1，分数：43.50)Qu
16、estions 23 to 25 are based on the passage you have just heard. （分数：43.50）A.Accepting the criticism and ignore the praise.B.Understanding the reason behind people“s criticism.C.Stopping caring other people“s opinions.D.Smiling to all the praise and criticism.A.Thank the person.B.Correct it happily.C.
17、Ignore the mistake.D.Cancel the publication.A.The topic is worth discussing again.B.The topic is funny and meaningful.C.The topic needs to be well understood.D.The topic has to be changed.十一、Part Reading Compr(总题数：0，分数：0.00)十二、Section A(总题数：1，分数：35.00)Next time you enter a username and password, thi
18、nk about the rhythm of your typing. Not only can it be used to identify you, it can reveal if you are in a stressful environment. It has long been known that the rhythms of a person“s typing style are 1 over time, leading to suggestions they could be used to 2 identity or even spot early signs of Al
19、zheimer“s disease. But little was known about the effect of stress on typing 3 , so psychologist Mike Dowman and colleagues at the University of Abertay investigated. They asked 35 people to log into a computer 36 times over three 4 sessions up to a month apart, using the same username and password.
20、 People were put into 5 and relaxed states alternately (交替地) by listening to a range of sounds known to 6 particular emotions. The length of time each key was held down and the 7 between one being released and another pressed was recorded to generate a typing “fingerprint“ for each person. The team
21、used the data to develop and test software that identifies a person from their typing style 8 . The data also showed that stress can be 9 in a person“s typing because it changes the pattern of timings. “There“s no question: people do type 10 under stress,“ says Dowman. He suggests that security syst
22、ems could be designed to raise the alarm if it seems that a person might be being forced to log into a system. More research will be needed, however, before a system could tell if a person is, say, just having a bad day or being held at gunpoint. A. stressed E. interval I. differently M. normally B.
23、 alone F. verify J. environments N. patterns C. provoke G. only K. detected O. separate D. stable H. unchangeable L. complete（分数：35.00）十三、Section B(总题数：1，分数：70.00)How Psychology Can Help the Planet Stay CoolA. “I“m not convinced it“s as bad as the experts make out. It“s everyone else“s fault. Even i
24、f I turn off my air conditioner, it will make no difference.“ The list of reasons for not acting to combat global warming goes on and on. This month, American Psychological Association (APA) released a report highlighting these and other psychological barriers standing in the way of action. But don“
25、t despair. The report also points to strategies that could be used to convince us to play our part. Sourced from psychological experiments, we review tricks that could be used by companies or organisations to encourage climate-friendly behaviour. In addition, psychologist Mark van Vugt of the Free U
26、niversity of Amsterdam describes the elements of human nature that push us to act unselfishly. B. As advertisers of consumer products well know, different groups of people may have quite distinct interests and motivations, and messages that seek to change behaviour need to be tailored to take these
27、into account. “You have to target the marketing to a particular sector of the population,“ says Robert Gifford of the University of Victoria, another of the report“s authors. The wealthy young, for instance, tend to be diet conscious, and this could be used to steer them away from foods like cheeseb
28、urgersone of the most climate-unfriendly meals around because of the energy it takes to raise cattle. So when trying to convince them to give up that carbon-intensive beef pie, better to stress health benefits than the global climate. C. Though conservative authorities have been known to attack such
29、 efforts, characterising them as mind control, experiments indicate that people are willing to be persuaded. “From participants in our experiments, we“ve never heard a negative feedback,“ says Wesley Schultz of California State University. In fact, according to John Petersen of Oberlin College, we a
30、re used to far worse. “Compared to the overwhelming number of advertising, it seems milder than anything I experience in my daily life,“ he says. D. Deep down, most of us want to fit in with the crowd, and psychologists are exploiting this urge to encourage environmentally friendly behaviour. Resear
31、chers led by Wesley Schultz at California State University and Jessica Nolan, now at the University of Scranton, have found that people will cut their electricity usage if told that their neighbours use less than they do. In one experiment, the researchers left information with households in San Mar
32、cos asking them to use fans rather than air conditioners at night, turn off lights and take shorter showers. Some messages simply stressed energy conservation, some talked about future generations, while others emphasised the financial savings. But it was the flyers (传单) that asked residents to join
33、 with their neighbours in saving energy that were most effective in cutting electricity consumption. E. In another study, the researchers told households what others in their neighbourhood used on average. High users cut their consumption in response, but low users increased theirs. The problem disa
34、ppeared if the messages were reinforced with sad or smiling faces. The smiles received by the residents who were already saving energy provided sufficient encouragement for them to keep doing so. F. Most people seem to conserve energy if provided with real-time feedback on how much they are using. B
35、ut feedback can be too immediate. For instance, Janet Swim has a General Motors car that shows her mileage (里程) per gallon each time she accelerates. It“s just not very useful, she argues, because it“s hard to place that momentary piece of feedback in the context of her overall driving behaviour and
36、 fuel efficiency. In contrast, the Toyota Prius display shows mileage per gallon over 5-minute intervals for the previous half-hour. With that contextual information, people can experiment with different driving styles to see how they affect mileage, and even compete with themselves to improve over
37、time. The 2010 Honda Insight goes one better, flashing up an image of a prize to reward economical driving. The benefits of feedback are not restricted to car gadgets (小装置). Studies show that devices that display domestic energy usage produce savings of between 5 and 12 per cent. G. People have to b
38、e persuaded to act on climate change even though the benefit won“t be felt for decades. Research by David Hardisty and Elke Weber of Columbia University suggests ways to achieve this. Hardisty and Weber have found that people respond in exactly the same way to decisions involing future environmental
39、 gains and losses as they do when making financial decisions. This allows psychologists“ knowledge of how to control financial decision-making to be brought into play. For instance, schemes that give people a cash payment in advance for insulating (使隔热) their home will work better than those promisi
40、ng long-term savings, even if the people receiving cash end up paying a little more in the long run. H. And because we are generally more worried about future losses than we are impressed by future gains, messages are more effective if framed to warn people that they will lose $500 over 10 years if
41、they don“t follow a particular course of action to limit climate change than if they are told they“ll be $500 better off if they do take action. I. As social animals, we like to interact with others and take inspiration from their actions. Psychologists are working out how to exploit this to spread
42、behaviours that will help limit climate change. “My sense is that social networks are going to be important,“ says Swim. Allowing people to document successes in saving energy on their Facebook pages could drive change among their friends, and the Oberlin team is considering integrating this into it
43、s urban residence experiment. Tawanna Dillahunt and colleagues at Carnegie Mellon University, think such opportunities presented by Facebook can be combined with our liking for animals. Inspired by the attachment that people can develop towards Tamagotchi virtual pets, the team is testing the compel
44、ling power of a “virtual polar bear“ standing on a sheet of floating ice that grows bigger as people adopt environmentally friendly behaviours such as taking shorter showers. Initial results suggest the polar bear has pull.（分数：70.00）(1).Flyers related with neighbours“ behaviour are a very effective
45、way to convince residents to cut electricity consumption.（分数：7.00）(2).According to Swim, social network will be important to spread behaviours that will help limit climate change.（分数：7.00）(3).The research by Hardisty and Weber aims at seeking ways to convince people to limit climate change.（分数：7.00）
46、(4).It“s better to persuade the wealthy young out of carbon-intensive food by emphasizing health benefits.（分数：7.00）(5).In the experiment by Wesley Schultz, no participant lodged a complaint.（分数：7.00）(6).When talking people into taking action, it“s more effective to tell them future losses than futur
47、e gains.（分数：7.00）(7).Psychologists are making use of human“s desire to fit in with the crowd to encourage environmentally friendly behaviour.（分数：7.00）(8).The report by APA summarises the strategies to encourage climate-friendly behaviour on the basis of psychological experiments.（分数：7.00）(9).Accordi
48、ng to Tawanna Dillahunt and colleagues, successes in saving energy by Facebook and our liking for animals can be combined.（分数：7.00）(10).The 2010 Honda Insight has a device that encourages drivers to drive economically.（分数：7.00）十四、Section C(总题数：0，分数：0.00)十五、Passage One(总题数：1，分数：71.50)It“s hot now in
49、Afghanistan, where 35% of the population is under-fed. But soon it will be cold, and many“ of the country“s roads will become inaccessible because of snow and landslides, making it difficult to get food to market. Knowing these things gets Stacy McCoy out of bed every morning and out into the countryside, visiting Afghani women and farmers to offer new agricultural techniques and hardier seeds. She also works to improve their marketing skills so that they can be exposed to new ways to sell goods
