1、大学生英语竞赛 C 类非英语专业-23 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：6，分数：100.00)The US space agency“s (NASA) Mars rovers are celebrating a remarkable five years on the Red Planet. The first rover, named Spirit, landed on January 3, 2004, followed by its twin, Opportunity, 21 days later. It was
2、 hoped the robots would work for at least three months, but their longevity in the freezing Martian conditions has surprised everyone. The rovers“ data has revealed much about the history of water on the equator of Mars billions of years ago. “These rovers are incredibly resilient considering the ex
3、treme environment the hardware experiences every day,“ said John Callas, project manager for Spirit and Opportunity at NASA“s Jet Propulsion laboratory in Pasadena, California. “We realize that a major component on either vehicle could fail at any time and end a mission with no advance notice, but o
4、n the other hand, we could accomplish the equivalent of four more prime missions on each rover in the year ahead.“ Spirit is exploring a 150 kin-wide bowl-shaped depression known as Gusev Crater. It has found an abundance of rocks and soils bearing evidence of extensive exposure to water. Opportunit
5、y is on the other side of the planet, in a flat region known as Meridiani Planum. Its data have shown conclusively that this part of Mars experienced liquid water on its surface. The sedimentary rocks at its study location were laid down under gently flowing surface water. The rovers are now showing
6、 some serious signs of wear and tear. Spirit has to drive backwards everywhere it goes because of a jammed wheel, and Opportunity“s robotic arm has a glitch in a shoulder joint because of a broken electrical wire. There have been times also when the vehicles have been dangerously short on power beca
7、use of the dust covering on their panels. （分数：20.00）(1).Why is the robot“ longevity in the freezing Martian conditions surprising?（分数：4.00）_(2).What has Spirit found that has been exposed to water?（分数：4.00）_(3).What“s wrong with Spirit according to the passage?（分数：4.00）_(4).How many robots launched
8、by NASA are mentioned in the passage?（分数：4.00）_(5).Why will NASA and the European Space Agency combine their efforts to explore Mars in the future?（分数：4.00）_At least 600,000 jobs could disappear in the UK this year, according to a report by a personnel managers“ professional body. The Chartered Inst
9、itute of Personnel and Development says even those who escape redundancy will face pay freezes. It says that while total unemployment will not hit three million, the time between New Year and Easter will be the worst for job losses since 1991. According to official statistics, there were 1.86 millio
10、n people out of work in the UK in October, 2008. This figure was the highest since 1997, taking the overall unemployment rate to 6 percent. David Frost of the British Chamber of Commerce says, “It is the worst year. Companies are in survival mode.“ （分数：20.00）(1).According to the passage, which year
11、will be the worst for job losses in the UK?（分数：4.00）_(2).What kind of organisation is the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development?（分数：4.00）_(3).What are many British companies now struggling for?（分数：4.00）_(4).What does the CIPD advise British employers to do under the present circumstances?
12、（分数：4.00）_(5).Why does Charles Cotton suggest that employers communicate with their staff straight-forwardly?（分数：4.00）_For 25 years now, Jane Goodall has been studying chimpanzees in the wild, at Gombe in Tanzania. After ten years, she wrote her best-selling book, In The Shadow Of Man, chronicling h
13、er research until then. But if she had stopped there she would have left the world with a misleadingly benign (温和的) view of chimpanzees. Starting in the early seventies, Jane Goodall and her researchers were horrified to observe a prolonged, deliberate and planned warfare by one group of chimpanzees
14、 upon another group which had broken away some years previously. It fundamentally altered her perception of chimp society as ordered and peaceable. Her most startling discovery in her early years was that chimps use tools. Until then, paleoanthropologists made sharp distinctions between tool users a
15、nd non-tool users, to differentiate between men and monkeys. She documented and photographed chimps taking long sticks, poking them into termite holes, and extracting the termites on the sticks in order to eat them. At the same time she and other researchers discovered that chimps are the only anima
16、ls, apart from humans, to be self-aware. At its most primitive level this can be demonstrated by sticking something on a chimp“s forehead and showing him a mirror. The chimp will immediately recognize himself and pull the object off his forehead. Other animals will paw at the mirror and fail to reco
17、gnize themselves, let alone rearrange themselves according to the image in the mirror. They also have a structured language with abstract concepts. （分数：15.00）(1).How long ago did Goodall write her book?（分数：3.00）_(2).How did the “warfare“ change Goodall“s opinion of chimp society?（分数：3.00）_(3).What“s
18、 the purpose of the reference to “long sticks“?（分数：3.00）_(4).If you stick something on a chimp“s forehead and show him a mirror, how will he react?（分数：3.00）_(5).What did some of the chimps in the northern group enjoy doing?（分数：3.00）_Almost everyone with or without a computer is aware of the latest t
19、echnological revolution destined to change forever the way in which humans communicate, namely, the Information Superhighway, best exemplified by the ubiquitous Internet. Already, millions of people around the world are linked by computer simply by having a modem and an address on the “Net“, in much
20、 the same way that owning a telephone links us to almost anyone who pays a phone bill. In fact, since the computer connections are made via the phone line, the Internet can be envisaged as a network of visual telephone links. It remains to be seen in which direction the Information Superhighway is h
21、eaded, but many believe it is the educational hope of the future. The World Wide Web, an enormous collection of Internet addresses or sites, all of which can be accessed for information, has been mainly responsible for the increase in interest in the Internet in the 1990s. Before the World Wide Web,
22、 the “Net“ was comparable to an integrated collection of computerized typewriters, but the introduction of the “Web“ in 1990 allowed not only text links to be made but also graphs, images and even video. A Web site consists of a “home page“, the first screen of a particular site on the computer to w
23、hich you are connected, from where access can be had to other subject related “pages“ at the site and to thousands of other computers all over the world. This is achieved by a process called “hypertext“. By clicking with a mouse device on various parts of the screen, a person connected to the “Net“
24、can go travelling, or surfing, through a web of pages to locate whatever information is required. Anyone can set up a site; promoting your club, your institution, your company“s products or simply yourself, is what the Web and the Internet is all about. And what is more, information on the Internet
25、is not owned by any one organization. It is, perhaps, true to say that no one and therefore everyone owns the “Net“. Because of the relative freedom of access to information, the Internet has often been criticized by the media as a potentially hazardous tool in the trends of young computer users. Th
26、is perception has proved to be largely false however, and the vast majority of users both young and old get connected with the Internet for the dual purposes for which it was intended-discovery and delight. Complete the summary with words from the passage, changing the form where necessary, with onl
27、y one word for each blank. The Internet is the best example of the technological revolution known as the Information Superhighway. Linked by computer through global telephone lines, users can speedily obtain information by connecting to the 16 . Before the “Web“, only text 17 could be flashed upon t
28、he computer screen, but thanks to a process called 18 , visual images can easily be 19 by travelling through a maze of connected pages on Web sites all over the world. The Internet is not 20 by any one organization, which ensures freedom of access to information.（分数：15.00）Everyone knows about pollut
29、ion in the environment. Water, air, and land are all polluted. This means that pollution is everywhere. Now, scientists are looking inside our bodies to find out about internal pollution. In 2003, the Environmental Working Group studied nine people to measure the chemicals in their bodies. These nin
30、e people had an average of 53 cancer-causing chemicals in their bodies. They also had an average of 62 chemicals that can damage the brain, and 55 that can harm babies in pregnant women. Even though a lot of chemicals were found in human bodies, the chemicals were found in small amounts. The amounts
31、 were small enough that they were probably not hurting the people. However, scientists are worried because most of these chemicals were created by humans. Most of these chemicals did not exist 75 years ago. This proves that we have not only polluted the worldwe have polluted our own bodies! （分数：15.0
32、0）Headaches are a big problem. But they are not just a problem for the person suffering from the headache. They are a problem for society as well. Each year, millions of people suffer from severe headaches that keep them from doing their jobs. In fact, according to one estimate, headaches cost indiv
33、iduals and businesses more than $50 billion each year! This is one of the reasons research into headaches has become a worldwide effort. Although he did not know much about how headaches work, Hippocrates was the first doctor to find a way to treat them. Before 400 B.C., Hippocrates discovered that
34、the bark from willow trees was useful in treating pain. He made a white powder from the tree“s bark and gave it to his patients. Hippocrates did not know it, but he was actually prescribing a natural chemical in willow bark called salicin. When a person eats salicin, the chemical is changed inside h
35、er or his body into salicylic acid. It turns out that salicylic acid is good for stopping pain, including headache, but it is bad for a person“s stomach. In the 1800s, a chemist in Germany changed the acid“s form a little to make it easier for people to take. This new form of the chemical was called
36、 acetylsalicylic acid, commonly known as aspirin today. Aspirin was used throughout most of the 1900s to treat headaches, but doctors had little idea about what really caused headaches. When doctors know the cause of a disease, they can find better ways to treat it. Therefore, as medical technology
37、developed, doctors began to use the technology to learn more about the human brain and about headaches. Currently, doctors classify headaches into two general types: primary and secondary. A primary headache is a condition suffered as only the headache itself, on the other hand, a secondary headache
38、 is one caused by another condition. For example, someone who catches the flu may suffer from headaches along with other symptoms of the illness. Flu headaches are thus secondary headaches. For primary headaches, doctors have determined three possible causes. One kind of primary headache is caused b
39、y stress. Doctors usually call these tension headaches. Such headaches are characteristically felt on both sides of the head as a dull, steady pain. Another kind of primary headache is the migraine headache. Doctors believe these headaches are caused by reduced flow of blood to certain parts of the
40、brain. A migraine sufferer usually feels intense pain on one side of the head. The sufferer also becomes sensitive to light and noise. If the migraine is severe, the sufferer may vomit repeatedly. The third kind of primary headache is known as the cluster headache. Cluster headaches typically occur
41、around the same time each day for weeks or months at a time. The person suffering from this kind of headache usually feels pain on one side of her or his head, and the pain is centered around one of the person“s eyes. Doctors do not know much at present about cluster headaches, but they seem more co
42、mmon among men and could be related to alcohol or other things that affect a person“s blood flow. Using computers and more advanced medical equipment, doctors continue to learn more about what happens in the brain before and during headaches. Especially in the case of migraines, some doctors believe
43、 they have found the part of the brain that sets off the reaction for severe attacks. With this new insight into brain processes, doctors hope new ways will be discovered for stopping disabling headaches before they begin. Complete the summary with words from the passage, changing the form where nec
44、essary, with only one word for each blank. Doctors knew a long time ago that the 26 from the willow trees could help people who felt pain. Hippocrates was the first doctor to change organic material into a powder and give it to his patients. But it was not until the 1800s that this natural drug was
45、altered and became known as 27 . With the help of technology, doctors have now gained detailed insight into how the brain works and what happens when a person suffers from a headache. Through this research, headaches have been 28 into primary and secondary headaches. There are three types of primary headaches: tension, migraine, and cluster headaches. Although not much is known about cluster headaches, doctors have been able to determine some of the things tha
