1、大学四级-98 及答案解析(总分：541.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPart Writing(总题数：1，分数：106.00)1.1.如今不少学生在生活中不重视守时 2.不守时的坏处 3.我的观点（分数：106.00）_二、BPart Reading (总题数：1，分数：10.00)B SURVIVING IN SPACE/BMotion sickness troubles more than two-thirds of all astronauts upon reaching orbit, even veteran test pilots who have never been ai
2、rsick. Though everyone recovers after a few days in space, body systems continue to change. Deprived(丧失) of gravity information, a confused brain creates visual illusions. Body fluids surge to chest and head. The heart enlarges slightly, as do other organs. Sensing too much fluid, the body begins to
3、 discharge it, including calcium, electrolytes (解液) and blood plasma (血浆). The production of red blood ceils decreases, rendering astronauts slightly anaemic (贫血的). With the loss of fluid, legs shrink. Spinal (脊骨的) discs expand, and so does the astronaut-who may gain five centimeters and suffer back
4、ache. Though the .process may sound terrible, astronauts adjust to k, come to enjoy it and seem no worse for wear-at least for short missions such as space shuttle flights that last a week or two.During longer flights, however, physiology enters an unknown realm. As director of Russias Institute for
5、 Biomedical Problems from 1968 to 1988, Oleg Gazenko watched cosmonauts return from long flights unable to stand without fainting, needing to be carried from the spacecraft. “We are creatures of the Earth,” Gazenko told me. “These changes are the price of a ticket to space“.Americans returning from
6、months-long flights on Mir, the Russian space station, also paid the price, suffering losses in weight, muscle mass and bone density. NASA geared up to see how-even if-humans would survive the most demanding of space ventures, a mission to Mars, which could last up to three years. “We dont even know
7、 if a broken bone will heal in space,“ said Daniel Goldin, NASAs administrator. To get answers in 1997 Goldin established the National Space Biomedical Research Institute (NSBRI), a panel of experts from a dozen leading universities and research institute. NSBRI will study biomedical problems and by
8、 2010 will present NASA with a “go“ or “no go“ recommendation on a Mars mission.Jeffrey Sutton, leader of the medical systems team at the NSBRI, has treated the head trauma, wounds, kidney stones and heart rhythm irregularities that one could encounter on the way to Mars. On the spacecraft he envisi
9、ons, Mars-hound in the year, say, 2018, there may lurk harmful bacteria or carbon monoxide. No problem. The deadly substances will be detected by smart sensors-microprocessors no bigger than a thumbnail-that wander at will through the spacecraft, communicating their finds to a computer that warns th
10、e crew.To cope with infection, Sutton plans a factory to make drugs, even new ones, to cope with possible organisms on Mars. Miniature optical and ultrasound devices will image body and brain, while a small X-ray machine keeps track of any bone loss. Smart sensors embedded in clothing will monitor a
11、n astronauts vital functions. The crew will be able to craft body parts, Sutton says, precisely tooled to an astronauts personal anatomy and genome stored in computer memory. Researchers are building artificial liver, bone and cartilage (软骨) tissue right now.Lying in wait beyond the Earths atmospher
12、e, solar radiation poses additional problems. The sun flings billions of tons of electrically charged gas into space, relegating Earths volcanic eruptions to mere hiccups. Nevertheless, NASA officials are confident the accurate monitoring will warn astronauts of such events, allowing the crew to tak
13、e refuge in an area where polyethylene (乙烯) shielding will absorb the radiation.A second kind of radiation, cosmic rays from the Milky Way or other galaxies, is a more serious threat-possessing too much energy, too much speed for shielding to be effective. “Theres no way you can avoid them,“ says Fr
14、ancis Cxueinotta, manager of NASAs Johnson Space Centre. “They pass through tissue, striking ceils and leaving them unstable, mutilated or dead. Understanding their biological effects is a priority.“Another major concern is the psychological health of astronauts. And theres a new stressor on a three
15、-year Mars Mission-people, other members of the crew. NASA found that the stresses of isolation and confinement can be brought on rapidly simply by giving people few tasks. Mir astronaut Andrew Thomas described how six astronauts were confined in a 12-foot square room for a week. “If you give them l
16、ittle to do, stress can be achieved in a couple of days, says Thomas.Will NSBRI meet Daniel Goldins 2010 deadline for a decision on Mars? “Yes, we will perhaps even before. Were very confident,“ says Laurence Young, the director of NABRI. Mean while some of NSBRIs research may bear fruit on Earth. T
17、he institute has made one discovery that promises to save many people at risk of sudden cardiac death, usually brought on by a heart rhythm disorder called ventricular fibrillation. This kills 225,000 people in the US each year.Richard Cohen, head of the NSBR1 cardiovascular (心血管的) team, explained t
18、hat zero gravity may-emphasizing “may“-incite this condition in astronauts. So the team invented a noninvasive diagnostic device that measures extremely tiny changes in heart rhythm. The team found that the device can be used as part of a standard stress test to identify patients at risk. Then pacem
19、aker-like devices can be implanted to regulate the rhythm disorder. “This technology has the potential to save hundreds of thousands of lives,“ says Cohen. “NASA can be proud.“Such discoveries are no accident, says Michael E. DeBakey, a cardiovascular surgeon who has saved many hearts himself. “The
20、key word is research. When I was a medical student and a patient came to the hospital with a heart attack, things were mostly a matter of chance. Today theres a better than 95 per cent chance of surviving. Now that all comes from research. The unfortunate thing is that there are people, even some sc
21、ientists, who look at the money that goes to NASA and we could use the money to support our work. Thats very short sighted. The more research thats done in any area of science, the better off everyone is going to be.“（分数：10.00）(1).Everyone who travels in space suffers from feelings of motion sicknes
22、s initially.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(2).Astronauts are likely to increase in height while in space.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(3).Its important for astronauts to exercise in order to keep their muscles fit.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(4).Scientists have found a way of protecting astronauts from solar radiation.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(5)
23、.If astronauts are given tasks to do, they quickly begin to suffer from stress.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(6).Scientists aim to develop technology that can recognize psychological states.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(7).The passage mainly describes the psychological health risks during the voyage to Mars.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(8
24、).In the US each year, sudden cardiac death, caused by a heart-rhythm disturbance called ventricular fibrillation results in the deaths of _.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(9).What was devised by the team led by Richard Cohen to extremely tiny changes in heart rhythm is _.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(10)._ says research carri
25、ed out by NASA is ultimately beneficial for everyone.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_三、BPart Listenin(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、BSection A/B(总题数：3，分数：126.00)（分数：42.00）(1). A. He finds the presentation hard to follow. B. He speaks highly of the presentation. C. He considers the presentation very dull. D. He thinks Professor W
26、hite has chosen an interesting topic.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2). A. He liked to show off in class. B. He was the first person she met at school. C. He had a funny face. D. He was late for school on the first day.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3). A. Her car can stand any crash. B. Her car is kept in good condition. C.
27、 Her car is not as good as his. D. Her car is maintained as well as his.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(4). A. She is too busy to go. B. Shes willing to go swimming. C. She doesnt want to wait long. D. She enjoys the wonderful weather.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(5). A. Tony could not continue the experiment. B. Tony finish
28、ed the experiment last night. C. Tony thought the experiment was well done. D. Tony had expected the experiment to be easier.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(6). A. Tony should continue taking the course. B. She approves of Tonys decision. C. Tony can choose another science course. D. She cant meet Tony so early i
29、n the morning（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.（分数：28.00）(1). A. A stay at a new apartment. B. A membership to a sports club. C. A hotel in Hawaii. D. A free swimming lesson.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2). A. Access to free meals and drinks. B. Use of fitness rooms. C. Unrestricted use to a swimming pool. D. Unlimited use of
30、tennis courts.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3). A. He doesnt have extra money to spend. B. He never buys things over the phone. C. He doesnt need the service being provided. D. He doesnt believe in telephone promoting.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(4). A. It will take four to six weeks to remove the mans name from the compa
31、nys phone list. B. The man might be called by another company representative in the coming months. C. The man can request that his name be added again to the companys database. D. The woman will call the man for confirmation again between four and six months.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.（分数：56.00）(1). A. Disapp
32、ointed. C. Nervous. B. Surprised. D. Uninterested.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2). A. He didnt get the clothes. B. The store closed while he was cleaning the car. C. Hell clean up when he has more time. D. The clothes arent ready.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3). A. He has already finished his assignment. B. Hes bothering
33、 the woman. C. He forgot to attend class. D. Hes willing to help the woman.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(4). A. Ask Joan to recommend a good restaurant. B. Have dinner at Joans house. C. Ask their friends about the restaurant. D. Go to the restaurant.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(5). A. He has been asked to join the commit
34、tee. B. There are several new people on the committee. C. Hed like to take the womans place on the committee. D. The woman should try to join the committee.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(6). A. He watched the television program with his mother. B. His mother told him his professor was on television. C. Answering
35、 the phone caused him to miss the television program. D. His mother missed the television program.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(7). A. He plans to get his hair cut. C. He works in a hair saloon. B. He has a new hairstyle. D. He decides to grow his hair longer.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(8). A. Buy a car from the woman. C
36、. Buy a new car. B. Help the woman paint her car. D. Look for a less expensive car.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.五、BSection B/B(总题数：3，分数：70.00)（分数：21.00）(1). A. Animals were hurt by the black snow. B. Pollutants are dangerous to people and animals. C. A black snow of harmful pollutants fell on a town in Sweden.
37、D. Natural cycles of wildlife.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2). A. An insect-killing poison. B. Snow. C. A layer of oil. D. A black dye.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3). A. The black snow was a product of nature. B. People should take greater care of environment. C. Natural cycles of wildlife. D. The rain looked like black
38、 dye.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.（分数：21.00）(1). A. The influence of WHO on governments. B. The warning of the coming diseases. C. The international cooperation in health improvement. D. The shortage of health care workers.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2). A. Because they will get better training in other countries. B. Bec
39、ause they cannot cope with the large population in poor countries. C. Because they will get better payment in rich countries. D. Because they prefer working in cities to working in countryside.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3). A. New policies for doctors and nurses. B. Control of the population in poor countrie
40、s. C. International support and foreign help. D. Increase in health care expenditure.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.（分数：28.00）(1). A. Job security. B. Good labour relations. C. Challenging work. D. Attractive wages and benefits.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2). A. Many tedious jobs continue to be done manually. B. More and m
41、ore unskilled workers will lose jobs. C. Computers will change the nature of many jobs. D. Boring jobs will gradually be made enjoyable.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3). A. Offer them chances of promotion. B. Improve their working conditions. C. Encourage them to compete with each other. D. Give them responsibi
42、lities as part of a team.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(4). A. They will not bring real benefits to the staff. B. They concern a small number of people only. C. They are arbitrarily set by the administrators. D. They are beyond the control of ordinary workers.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.六、BSection C/B(总题数：1，分数：77.00)How yo
43、u learn as a student in the knowledge economy may be a little different to how you have gone about your learning in the past. One of the main difference is you dont have to turn up for class at U U 1 /U /Utime because there are no lectures. While this might disappoint some people, the fact of the ma
44、tter is that research U U 2 /U /Ushows that lecturing is the least effective teaching method. This is because, with a few exceptions, students play a passive role which usually amounts to U U 3 /U /Ulearning.One of the great benefits provided by the now ubiquitous (无所不在的) information and communicati
45、on U U 4 /U /Uis the opportunity for more a holistic (整体的) learning environment; one thats inclusive, U U 5 /U /U, highly interactive and “most importantly“ relevant to the needs of learners. The days of information transmission are over. Online learning U U 6 /U /Uinstead on developing your power o
46、f U U 7 /U /Uand synthesis, not your ability to memorise facts and figures. The thinking, simply, is that in the information age, information is everywhere. It is literally and metaphorically at our fingertips. The U U 8 /U /U, therefore, U U 9 /U /U.Online education today means something alternative. U U 10 /U /U. After that we might some day rename perhaps “distance learning“ into “collaborative learning“. U U 11 /U /U. （分数：77.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_七、BPart Reading
