1、大学四级-72 及答案解析(总分：713.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPart Writing(总题数：1，分数：106.00)1.现在不少人一遇到问题就上网搜答案 2. 这种现在可能产生的影响 3. 你认为应该怎么做（分数：106.00）_二、BPart Reading (总题数：1，分数：70.00)Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7,
2、 choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and 1). For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.Learning through TestsTaking a test is not just a passive mechanism for assessing how much people know, according to new research. It actually hel
3、ps people learn, and it works better than a number of other studying techniques.The research, published online Thursday in the journal Science, found that students who read a passage, then took a test asking them to recall what they had read, retained about 50 percent more of the information a week
4、later than students who used two other methods.One of those methodsrepeatedly studying the materialis familiar to a large number of students who cram (临时死记硬背) before exams. The otherhaving students draw detailed diagrams documenting what they are learningis prized by many teachers because it forces
5、students to make connections among facts.These other methods not only are popular, the researchers reported; they also seem to give students the illusion that they know material better than they do.In the experiments, the students were asked to predict how much they would remember a week after using
6、 one of the methods to learn the material. Those who took the test after reading the passage predicted they would remember less than the other students predictedbut the results were just the opposite.“I think that learning is all about retrieving (回想), all about reconstructing our knowledge,“ said t
7、he lead author, Jeffrey Karpicke, an assistant professor of psychology at Purdue University. “I think that were tapping into something fundamental about how the mind works when we talk about retrieval.“Several cognitive scientists and education experts said the results were striking.The students who
8、 took the recall tests may “recognize some gaps in their knowledge,“ said Marcia Linn, an education professor at the University of California, Berkeley, “and they might revisit the ideas in the back of their mind or the front of their mind.“When they are later asked what they have learned, she went
9、on, they can more easily “retrieve it and organize the knowledge that they have in a way that makes sense to them.“The researchers engaged 200 college students in two experiments, assigning them to read several paragraphs about a scientific subjecthow the digestive system works, for example.In the f
10、irst experiment, the students were divided into four groups. One did nothing more than read the text for five minutes. Another studied the passage in four consecutive (连续的) five-minute sessions.A third group engaged in “concept mapping,“ in which, with the passage in front of them, they arranged inf
11、ormation from the passage into a kind of diagram, writing details and ideas in hand- drawn bubbles and linking the bubbles in an organized way.The final group took a “retrieval practice“ test. Without the passage in front of them, they wrote what they remembered in a free-form essay for 10 minutes.
12、Then they reread the passage and took another retrieval practice test.A week later all four groups were given a short-answer test that assessed their ability to recall facts and draw logical conclusions based on the facts.The second experiment focused only on concept mapping and retrieval practice t
13、esting, with each student doing an exercise using each method. In this initial phase, researchers reported, students who made diagrams while consulting the passage included more detail than students asked to recall what they had just read in an essay.But when they were evaluated a week later, the st
14、udents in the testing group did much better than the concept mappers. They even did better when they were evaluated not with a short-answer test but with a test requiring them to draw a concept map from memory.why retrieval testing helps is still unknown. Perhaps it is because by remembering informa
15、tion we are organizing it and creating cues and connections that our brains later recognize.It may also be that the struggle involved in recalling something helps reinforce it in our brains.Maybe that is also why students who took retrieval practice tests were less confident about how they would per
16、form a week later.“The struggle helps you learn, but it makes you feel like youre not learning,“ said Nate Kornell, a psychologist at Williams College. “You feel like: I dont know it that well. This is hard and Im having trouble coming up with this information.“By contrast, he said, when rereading t
17、exts and possibly even drawing diagrams, “you say: Oh, this is easier. I read this already.“The Purdue study supports findings of a series of recent research showing learning benefits from testing, including benefits when students get questions wrong. But by comparing testing with other methods, the
18、 study goes further.“It really bumps it up a level of importance by contrasting it with concept mapping, which many educators think of as sort of the gold standard,“ said Daniel Willingham, a psychology professor at the University of Virginia. Although “its not totally obvious that this is shovel-re
19、adyput it in the classroom and its good to gofor educators this ought to be a big deal.“Howard Gardner, an education professor at Harvard who advocates constructivismthe idea that children should discover their own approach to learning, emphasizing reasoning over memorizationsaid in an e-mail that t
20、he results “throw down the gauntlet (挑战) to those progressive educators, myself included.“Educators who embrace seemingly more active approaches, like concept mapping,“ he continued, “are challenged to devise outcome measures that can demonstrate the superiority of such active approaches.“Testing, o
21、f course, is a highly charged issue in education, drawing criticism that too much promotes rote learning (死记硬背), swallows valuable time for learning new things and causes excessive student anxiety.“More testing isnt necessarily better,“ said Dr. Linn, who said her work with California school distric
22、ts had found that asking students to explain what they did in a science experiment rather than having them simply conduct the hands-on experimenta version of retrieval practice testing was beneficial.“Some tests are just not learning opportunities. We need a different kind of testing than we current
23、ly have,“ added Dr. Linn.Dr. Kornell said that “even though in the short term it may seem like a waste of time,“ retrieval practice appears to “make things stick in a way that may not be used in the classroom.“Its going to last for the rest of their schooling, and potentially for the rest of their l
24、ives.“（分数：70.00）(1).What did the study published in the journal Science reveal? A. Testing is a passive studying method. B. Test is the best way to assess peoples learning. C. Taking a test helps people learn better. D. More tests arent necessarily better for students.（分数：7.00）A.(2).According to the
25、 passage, the method of repeatedly studying the material_. A. shatters students confidence B. is very popular among students C. is highly praised by many teachers D. works better than concept mapping（分数：7.00）A.(3).What did Marcia Linn say about the students who took the recall tests? A. Their mind s
26、eems to function less efficiently. B. They are more optimistic about their performance. C. They tend to study harder before and after the test. D. They reconstruct the knowledge in their own way.（分数：7.00）A.(4).In the first experiment, the students in the third group used the method of_. A. drawing d
27、etailed diagrams B. reading the passage repeatedly C. reorganizing the passage D. taking a test before reading（分数：7.00）A.(5).In the initial phase of the second experiment, the students using retrieval practice_. A. did much better in the short-answer tests B. did better in drawing logical conclusion
28、s C. recalled less details than the other group D. preformed better than the concept mappers（分数：7.00）A.(6).Students who took retrieval practice tests were less confident about their performance due to_. A. the former failures B. the straggle involved C. the difficulty of the materials D. the competi
29、tors advantages（分数：7.00）A.(7).According to Professor Daniel Willingham, by comparing testing with concept mapping, the Purdue study A. made testing a gold standard B. proved many educators correct C. increased the significance of testing D. stressed the importance of active learning（分数：7.00）A.(8).Ho
30、ward Gardner said educators who advocated concept mapping were_ to prove that this approach was superior.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(9).In education, too much testing is criticized for wasting students time for learning new things and causing_.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(10).Dr. Linns work with California school district
31、s indicated that some version of retrieval practice testing was not_to students.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_三、BPart Listenin(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、BSection A/B(总题数：4，分数：105.00)Directions: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questi
32、ons will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A, B, C and D, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer
33、 Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. （分数：35.00）(1). A. Whether to ask for a raise. B. Whether to buy a new house. C. Whether to employ the woman. D. Whether to take up the new job.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2). A. The woman enjoys traveling a lot. B. The man and the woman are husband and wife. C.
34、The womans experience during her last trip was not very pleasant. D. The woman cannot decide whether to go to New Orleans or stay at home.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3). A. She hopes his recovery will continue quickly enough for the game. B. She thinks he needs to exercise a lot if he wishes to compete. C. Sh
35、e thinks he should take it easy or otherwise he may not be able to compete. D. She hopes his back will get into shape in time for the game.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(4). A. It looks exactly like Susan. B. It makes Susan look older than she really is. C. It makes Susan look younger than she really is. D. It m
36、akes Susan look better than she looks in person.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(5). A. The airport is closed due to bad weather. B. The flight is following its regular schedule. C. The plane will remm to its point of departure. D. An earlier closure affected the airports schedule.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.（分数：21.00）(1). A
37、. They both enjoyed watching the game. B. People were surprised at their winning the game. C. They both felt good about the results of the game. D. The man thought the results were beyond their expectations.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2). A. The location of the session has been changed. B. She will definitely
38、 go to the session this evening. C. Shell probably be too tired to walk to the session. D. The session might be canceled because of a heavy snow.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3). A. He thinks it is difficult to get fuel for the car. B. He can manage to get the gasoline they need. C. He doesnt think it necessary
39、 to refuel the car. D. He hopes the woman will help him select a fuel.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.Questions 19 to 22 are based on the conversation you have just heard. （分数：28.00）(1). A. The university provides two types of accommodation. B. Students must apply early since the places are limited. C. A student m
40、ay choose from university-owned or private accommodation. D. Most students prefer self-catering accommodation.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2). A. 37.86. B. 5.41. C. 5.2. D. 7.43.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3). A. Before the end of the month. B. At the beginning of the year. C. Next month. D. Any time.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(4
41、). A. Self-catering accommodation is very far from the university. B. If the student wants a private accommodation, he may call the Students Union. C. A student may live where he or she likes. D. There are limited places in university-owned accommodation.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.Questions 23 to 25 are based
42、 on the conversation you have just heard. （分数：21.00）(1). A. A project about an actress. B. A project about a movie director. C. A project about a movie. D. A project about Europe.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2). A. Going to the cinema. B. Conducting an opinion poll. C. Doing an Internet search. D. Reading a ma
43、gazine.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3). A. Her mother. B. An actress. C. Her roommate. D. Her classmate.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.五、BSection B/B(总题数：3，分数：70.00)Directions: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will b
44、e spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Questions 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard. （分数：21.00）(1). A. A w
45、ide variety of guide dogs. B. The training of guide dogs. C. The selection of guide dogs. D. Ways to work with guide dogs.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2). A. Dogs chosen for guiding the blind must be intelligent and patient. B. Some kinds of dogs are born to be guide dogs. C. At the age of two guide dogs begin
46、 a five-month intensive course. D. Most blind people could find the guide dogs helpful.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3). A. Teaching the guide dogs to watch traffic and safely cross the street. B. Placing the guide dogs with their future owners. C. Showing the guide dogs how to avoid dangerous situations. D. Ed
47、ucating the guide dogs to obey any command of their owner.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.Questions 29 to 31 are based on the passage you have just heard. （分数：21.00）(1). A. 4%. B. 10%. C. 14%. D. 25%.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2). A. The birthrate is on the decrease recently in America. B. Age is no longer an indication of
48、 ones marriage. C. The society demands more and more nowadays. D. The aging of population causes many social problems.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3). A. People dont have to act their age. B. People should have their own judgments. C. One is never too old too learn. D. People must respect the old and cherish the young.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.Questions 32 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard. （分数：28.00）(1). A. He was well-known on the West Coast. B. He made many political achievemen
