1、大学四级-57 及答案解析(总分：720.01，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPart Writing(总题数：1，分数：106.00)1.眼下大学生在外租房居住的现象十分普遍 2对比分析在外租房居住和住在学校宿舍的利弊 3我的看法（分数：106.00）_二、BPart Reading (总题数：1，分数：70.00)BA Workaholic Economy/BFor the first century or so of the industrial revolution, increased productivity led to decreases in working hours. Em
2、ployees who had been putting in 12-hour days, six days a week, found their time on the job shrinking to 10 hours daily, then, finally to eight hours, five days a week. only a generation ago social planners worried about what people would do with all this new-found free time. In the US, at least, it
3、seems they need not have bothered. Although the output per hour of work has more than doubled since 1945, leisure seems reserved largely for the unemployed and underemployed. Those who work full-time spend as much time on the job as they did at the end of World War . In fact, working hours have incr
4、eased noticeably since 1970-perhaps because real wages have stagnated that year. Bookstores now abound with manuals describing how to manage time and cope with stress.There are several reasons for lost leisure. Since 1970, companies have responded to improvements in the business climate by having em
5、ployees work overtime rather than by hiring extra personnel, says. economist Juliet B. , Scholar of Harvard University. Indeed, the current economic recovery has gained a certain amount of notoriety for its “jobless“ nature: increased production has been almost entirely decoupled from employment. So
6、me firms are even down sizing as their profits climb. “All things being equal, wed be better off spreading around the work,“ observes labor economist Ronald G. Ehrenberg of Cornell University.Yet a host of factors pushes employers to hire fewer workers for more hours and, at the same time, compels w
7、orkers to spend more time on the job. Most of those incentives involve what Ehrenberg calls the structure of compensation: quirks in the way salaries and benefits are organized that make it more profitable to ask 40 employees to labor an extra hour each than to hire one more worker to do the same 40
8、-hour job.Professional and managerial employees supply the most obvious lesson along these lines. once people are on salary, their cost to a firm is the same whether they spend 35 hours a week in the office or 70. Diminishing returns may eventually set in as overworked employees lose efficiency or l
9、eave for more arable pastures. But in the short run, the employers incentive is Clear.Even hourly employees receive benefits-such as pension and contributions and medical insurance-that are not tied to the number of hours they work. Therefore, it is more profitable for employers to work their existi
10、ng employees harder.For all that employees complain about long hours, they, too, have reasons not to trade money for leisure. “People who work reduced hours pay a huge penalty in career terms,“ Scholar maintains. “Its taken as a negative signal about their commitment to the firm.” Bailyn of Massachu
11、setts Institute of Technology adds that many corporate managers find it difficult to measure the contribution of their underlings to a firms well-being, so they use the number of hours worked as a proxy for output. “Employees know this, she says, and they adjust their behavior accordingly.“Although
12、the image of the good worker is the one whose life belongs to the company,“ Bailyn says, “it doesnt fit the facts. She cites both quantitative and qualitative studies that show increased productivity for part-time workers: they make better use of the time they have, and they are less likely to succu
13、mb to fatigue in stressful jobs. Companies that employ more workers for less time also gain from the resulting redundancy, she asserts. “The extra people can cover the contingencies that you know are going to happen, such as when crises take people away from the workplace. “Positive experiences with
14、 reduced hours have begun to change the more-is-better culture at some companies, Scholar reports.Larger firms, in particular, appear to be more willing to experiment with flexible working arrangement.It may take even more than changes in the financial and cultural structures of employment for worke
15、rs successfully to trade increased productivity and money for leisure time, Scholar contends. She says the U.S. market for goods has become skewed by the assumption of full-time, two-career households. Automobile makers no longer manufacture cheap models, and developers do not build the tiny. bungal
16、ows that served the first post-war generation of home buyers. Not even the humblest household object is made without a microprocessor. U. S. goods are appropriate only for high incomes and long hours.（分数：70.00）(1).Bailyn argues that it is better for a company to employ more workers because（分数：7.00）A
17、.it is easy to make excess staff redundantB.crises occur if you are under-staffedC.people are available to cover the contingenciesD.they can project appositive image at work(2).Scholar thinks it will be difficult for workers in the U. S. to reduce their working hours because_.（分数：7.00）A.they would n
18、ot be able to afford cars or homeB.employers are offering high incomes for long hoursC.the future is dependent on technological advancesD.they do not wish to return to the humble post-war era(3).Among the following statements, which is true according to the passage?（分数：7.00）A.Today, employees are fa
19、cing a reduction in working hours.B.Economic recovery created more jobs.C.Bailyns research shows that part-time employees work more efficiently.D.Increased leisure time would benefit two-career households.(4).Why does the writer say that employees “have reasons not to trade money for leisure“?（分数：7.
20、00）A.Increased production has led to joblessness.B.Managers estimate staff productivity in terms of hours worked.C.Benefits and hours spent on the job are not linked.D.Extra work is offered to existing employees.(5).The authors attitude towards a “workaholic economy“ is_.（分数：7.00）A.optimisticB.pessi
21、misticC.indifferentD.doubtful(6).How do you understand the sentence “Not even the humblest household object is made without a microprocessor“?（分数：7.00）A.only the cheapest household object is made with a microprocessor.B.Every household object is made with a microprocessor.C.only the cheapest househo
22、ld object is made without a microprocessor.D.Except for the cheapest household object, everything is made with a microprocessor.(7).What can we infer from the last paragraph?（分数：7.00）A.Low-income workers with time-consuming jobs will enjoy a fruitful material life in the USA.B.Low-income workers wit
23、h more leisure time will enjoy a fruitful material life in the USA.C.High-income jobs workers with time-consuming jobs will enjoy a fruitful material life in the USA.D.High-income workers with more leisure time will enjoy a fruitful material life in the USA.(8).For the first century or so of the ind
24、ustrial revolution, increased productivity led to decreases in_.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(9).Indeed, the current economic recovery has gained a certain amount of notoriety for_: increased production has been almost entirely decoupled from employment. Some firms are even down sizing as their profits climb.（分数
25、：7.00）填空项 1:_(10).Most of those incentives involve what Ehrenberg calls_, quirks in the way salaries and benefits are organized that make it more profitable to ask 40 employees to labor an extra hour each than to hire one more worker to do the same 40-hour job.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_三、BPart Listenin(总题数：3，
26、分数：133.00)A.B.C.D.A.B.C.D.A.B.C.D.A.B.C.D.A.B.C.D.A.B.C.D.A.B.C.D.A.B.C.D.BQuestions 19 to 22 are based on the conversation you have just heard./B（分数：28.00）A.A presentation theyre going to do.B.A TV program the man is watching.C.Visiting a good friend of theirs.D.Studying for a coming test.A.Hes tak
27、ing a rest from studying,B.He has already done with studying.C.He was asked to watch TV by his professor.D.Hes searching for some information.A.He didnt know that she also took linear algebra course.B.He thought she wanted to study alone.C.He thought she wanted to study with Elizabeth.D.He had told
28、her that he had done poorly on a recent test.A.He and Elizabeth had a fight recently.B.He heard Elizabeth also messed up on the last test.C.He doesnt want to bother Elizabeth so late in the evening.D.He prefers to study in his own dormitory.BQuestions 23 to 25 are based on the conversation you have
29、just heard./B（分数：21.00）A.How much its accuracy has improved recently.B.How reliable long-range forecasts are.C.How difficult it takes to make a good forecast.D.How the current forecast causes troubles.A.The amount of rain.B.The wind direction.C.The amount of frost.D.The temperature.A.Forecasting mac
30、hines stop functioning in hot weather.B.The weather patterns are more changeable in the autumn.C.Professional predictors are on vacation in autumn.D.The forecasting center may mess up the data in autumn.四、BSection B/B(总题数：3，分数：70.00)BQuestions 26 to 29 are based on the passage you have just heard./B
31、（分数：28.00）A.Because it is a small town with some British characters.B.Because there is a college in the small town.C.Because it is easy to start their business in the small town.D.Because they can perform their daily tasks on foot.A.They prefer the small town in the United States to big cities in En
32、gland.B.They live a quiet, enjoyable, and healthy life in the small town.C.They have many acquaintances in the neighborhood.D.They advocate environmental protection by not driving their car.A.Because they wanted to say hello to him.B.Because they wanted to offer some help.C.Because they came across
33、an accident.D.Because they asked him for directions.A.Some behaviors seeming strange at first can be accepted as time goes on.B.Living in a small town has many unmatched advantages.C.Walking is a good way to go about ones business in the neighborhood.D.People still have many to enjoy even living in
34、a small town.BQuestions 30 to 32 are based on the passage you have just heard./B（分数：21.00）A.They are places for people to exchange their goods.B.They are places for residents to heap the useless things.C.They are sales set for residents to sell and buy used things.D.They are sales set by stores to p
35、ut their goods on sale.A.It was suggested by a former local official.B.It was set by the local government.C.It was proposedby local residents.D.It was set by the people living along the route.A.Any unused personal or household goods.B.Anything useful in daily life.C.Anything cheaper than those sold
36、in shops.D.Anything people like to put up for sale.BQuestions 33 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard./B（分数：21.00）A.They can prevent soil from being blown away.B.They can improve the yield of crops.C.They can provide wood when cut down.D.They can protect crops from the strong sunshine.
37、A.When there are two lines of plants in each windbreak.B.When there is space left for some wind to go through.C.When they are planted around crops.D.When local green trees are planted in windbreaks.A.It is easy to grow despite the poor soil.B.It is good for improving the quality of land.C.It is the
38、most suitable plant for windbreaks.D.It is short with broad leaves.五、BSection C/B(总题数：1，分数：76.00)Some individuals view recreation as largely non-productive, even trivial.U (36) /Urecreation is not considered healthy, and maybe U(37) /Uas escapism. However, research has shown that recreation U(38) /U
39、to life satisfaction, quality of life, health and wellness, and that the use of recreation as a diversion may have clinical U(39) /Uto individuals with chronic pain and other health impairments. In some cultures and U(40) /U, recreation is encouraged on certain days and discouraged on others. For ex
40、ample, in Judaism, the Shabbat is a day for recreation and relaxation, which has in turn U(41) /Umany Christian sects to use the Sabbath for the same purpose. However, some sects U(42) /Uthe Sabbath to be a day when worship is done in place of recreation.Recreation is U(43) /Uimportant to the longev
41、ity of human beings, especially because it helps counteract stress. According to some research cited in Time magazine,U (44) /U.Recreation can become an organized activity of local governments and lo-profit enterprises. Local governments often create parks or community centers.U (45) /U, which provi
42、des venues and staffing for organized sports, at-risk youth activities, arts and crafts, and Senior citizen activities. Several U.S. state governments operate recreation programs for their prison populations. Though controversial, these programs are intended to provide inmates with constructive use
43、of their time through access to music, hobbies, crafts and exercise equipment. Other possible benefits include reduced healthcare costs and a lower recidivism rate.U (46) /U.（分数：76.01）(1).（分数：6.91）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_六、BPart Reading (总题数：1，分数：
44、90.00)BQuestions 47 to 56 are based on the following passage./BNext Monday is World Health Day,U (47) /Uby the World Health organization. The objective chosen for this year is to get peopleU (48) /Uin the campaign to protect against the healthU (49) /Uof climate change.The World Health organization
45、is a United Nations agency. The WHO says there is already evidence of health problemsU (50) /Uto climate change. It says more people are dyingU (51) /Uextreme heat, and that diseases spread by insects are also on the rise. And it says climate change hasU (52) /Uthe risk of disasters, especially seve
46、re dry weather, wildfires, major storms and floods.Disasters like these can kill directly or indirectly. People can die or get sick from foodU (53) /Uor conditions like the spread of disease. Several years ago, the WHO blamed climate changeU (54) /U two percent of diarrhea (腹泻) eases worldwide in th
47、e year two thousand.Last month, researchers in CanadaU (55) /Uthat temperature increases there will spread insects like ticks and mosquitoes farther north. These insects canU (56) /Udisease.A) decreased I) effectsB) predicted J) reactionC) involved K) shortagesD) from L) naturalE) observed M) forF) increased N) carryG) expected O) disasterH) related（分数：90.00）(1).（分数：9.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_
