1、大学六级-992 及答案解析(总分：712.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Writing(总题数：1，分数：106.00)1.Statistics of Family Expenses in China（分数：106.00）_二、Part Reading Compr(总题数：1，分数：70.00)The Science of Lasting HappinessThe day I meet Sonja Lyubomirsky, she keeps getting calls from her Toyota, Prius dealer. When she finally picks u
2、p, she is excited by the news：she can buy the car she wants in two days. Lyubomirsky wonders if her enthusiasm might come across as materialism, but I understand that she is buying an experience as much as a possession. Two weeks later, in late January, the 40-year-old Lyubomirsky, who smiles often
3、and seems to approach life with zest and good humor, reports that she is “totally loving the Prius“. But will the feeling wear off soon after the new-car smell, or will it last, making a naturally happy person even more so? The Possibility of Lasting HappinessAn experimental psychologist investigati
4、ng the possibility of lasting happiness, Lyubomirsky understands far better than most of us the folly of pinning our hopes on a new car-or on any good fortune that comes our way. We tend to adapt, quickly returning to our usual level of happiness. The classic example of such “hedonic adaptatiou“ (享乐
5、适应)comes from a 1970s study of lottery winners, who ended up no happier than nonwinners a year. after their windfall (意外横财). Hedonic adaptation helps to explain why even changes in major life circumstances-such as income, marriage, physical health and where we live-do so little to boost our overall
6、happiness. Not only that, but studies of twins and adoptees have shown that about 50 percent of each persons happiness is determined from birth. This “genetic set point“ alone makes the happiness glass look half empty, because any upward swing in happiness seems doomed to fall back to near your base
7、line. “Theres been a tension in the field, “explains Lyubomirskys main collaborator, psychologist Kennon M. Sheldon of the University of Missouri-Columbia. “Some people were assuming you can affect happiness if, for example, you picked the right goals, but there was all this literature that suggeste
8、d it was impossible, that what goes up must come down.“The Happiness PieLyubomirsky, Sheldon and another psychologist, David A. Schkade of the University of California, San Diego, put the existing findings together into a simple pie chart showing what determines happiness. Half the pie is the geneti
9、c set point. The smallest slice is circumstances, which explain only about 10 percent of peoples differences in happiness. So what is the remaining 40 percent? “Because nobody had put it together before, thats unexplained,“ Lyubomirsky says. But she believes that when you take away genes and circums
10、tances, what is left besides error must be “intentional activity“, mental and behavioral strategies to counteract adaptations downward pull.Lyubomirsky has been studying these activities in hopes of finding out whether and how people can stay above their set point. In theory, that is possible in muc
11、h the same way regular diet and exercise can keep athletes weight below their genetic set points. But before Lyubomirsky began, there was “a huge vacuum of research on how to increase happiness“, she says. The lottery study in particular “made people shy away from interventions“, explains eminent Un
12、iversity of Pennsylvania psychologist Martin E. P. Seligman, the father of positive psychology and a mentor to Lyubomirsky. When science had scrutinized (细察) happiness at all, it was mainly through correlational studies, which cannot tell what came first-the happiness or what it is linked to-let alo
13、ne determine the cause and effect. Finding out that individuals with strong social ties are more satisfied with their lives than loners, for example, begs the question of whether friends make us happier or whether happy people are simply like lier to seek and attract friends. Lyubemirskys ResearchLy
14、ubomirsky began studying happiness as a graduate student in 1989 after an intriguing conversation with her adviser, Stanford University psychologist Lee D. Ross, who told her about a remarkably happy friend who had lost both parents to the Holocaust(大屠杀). Ross explains it this way, “For this person,
15、 the meaning of the Holocaust was that it was inappropriate to be unhappy about trivial things-and that one should strive to find joy in life and human relationships.“ Psychologists have long known that different people can see and think about the same events in different ways, but they had done lit
16、tle research on how these interpretations affect well-being.So Lyubomirsky had to lay some groundwork before she could go into the lab. Back then, happiness was “a fuzzy, unscientific topic“, she says, and although no instrument yet exists for giving perfectly valid, reliable and precise readings of
17、 someones happiness from session to session, Lyubomirsky has brought scientific strictness to the emerging field. From her firm belief that it is each persons self-reported happiness that matters, she developed a four-question Subjective Happiness Scale. Lyubomirskys working definition of happiness-
18、“a joyful, contented life“-gets at both the feelings and judgments necessary for overall happiness. To this day, she rarely sees her studies participants; they do most exercises out in the real world and answer detailed questionnaires on the computer, often from home. To assess subjects efforts and
19、honesty, she uses several crosschecks, such as timing them as they complete the questionnaires.The research needed to answer questions about lasting happiness is costly, because studies need to follow a sizable group of people over a long time. Two and a half years ago Lyubomirsky and Sheldon receiv
20、ed a five-year, $1million grant from the National Institute of Mental Health to do just that. Investigators have no shortage of possible strategies to test, with happiness advice coming “from the Buddha to Tony Robbins“, as Seligman puts it. So Lyubomirsky started with three promising strategies: ki
21、ndness, gratitude and optimism-all of which past research had linked with happiness.Her aim is not merely to confirm the strategies effectiveness but to gain insights into how happiness works. For example, conventional wisdom suggests keeping a daily gratitude journal. But one study revealed that th
22、ose who had been assigned to do that ended up less happy than those who had to count their blessings only once a week. Lyubomirsky therefore confirmed her hunch (预感)that timing is important. So is variety, it turned out: a kindness intervention found that participants told to vary their good deeds e
23、nded up happier than those forced into a kindness rut. Lyubomirsky is also asking about mediators: Why, for example, does acting kind make you happier? “Im a basic researcher, not an applied researcher, so Im interested not so much in the strategies but in how they work and what goes on behind the s
24、cenes,“ she explains.Initial results with the interventions have been promising, but sustaining them is tough. Months after a study is over, the people who have stopped the exercises show a drop in happiness. Like a drug or a diet, the exercises work only if you stick with them. Instilling habits is
25、 crucial. Another key: “fit“, or how well the exercise matches the person. If sitting down to imagine your best possible self (an optimism exercise) feels contrived, you will be less likely to do it. The biggest factor may be getting over the idea that happiness is fixed-and realizing that sustained
26、 effort can boost it. “A lot of people dont apply the notion of effort to their emotional lives,“ Lyubomirsky declares, “but the effort it takes is enormous./（分数：70.00）(1).Sonja Lyubomirsky bought the car just because she wanted to own a Prius.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(2).Hedonic adaptation means people alwa
27、ys return to their usual level of happiness after the temporary satisfaction.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(3).Those people who have set up correct goals will always be happy.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(4).In the happiness pie chart, error factors account for 10 percent.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(5).Before Lyubomirsky carried out her
28、 own research, scientists investigated happiness mainly through（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(6).Because little research had been done on the explanation of happiness, before going into the lab, Lyubomir-sky had done some _.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(7).Lyubomirsky designed a Subjective Happiness Scale because she believed
29、 it was each persons _ that can faithfully record their own happiness.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(8).A large sum of money must be spent on Lyubomirskys research because it needs to trace a lot of people _.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(9).The example of keeping a daily gratitude journal shows that _ is very important.（分数：7.
30、00）填空项 1:_(10).Exercises in gratitude, kindness and optimism can make people happier-but only if they keep doing them and these exercises _.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_三、Part Listening Com(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Section A(总题数：3，分数：105.00)Questions 11 to 18 are based on the conversation you have just heard.（分数：56.00）A.
31、The woman invites the man to have dinner.B.The man wont visit the woman.C.The man is very busy these days.D.The mans wife is relatively free.A.He often cuts classes to play basketball.B.He has no chance to play basketball.C.Hes looking for somebody to play the game with.D.He loves playing basketball
32、 very much.A.Hes surprised she chose that agency.B.He wonders why shes kept her job.C.He doesnt know when her classes started.D.He doubts she makes much money now.A.He should try a better and convenient way.B.He should give up looking for the book.C.He should ask the librarian for help.D.He should t
33、ry the shelves downstairs.A.Ask someone else to help the woman.B.Ask the woman for directions.C.Show the woman the map.D.Show the woman where the dormitory is.A.She is going to have some visitors tonight.B.She does not like their former foreign teachers.C.She is going to see her foreign teachers ton
34、ight.D.She has already been invited to the mans house.A.Shes never been treated by Dr. Joanna.B.Shes been sitting in the waiting room too long.C.Dr. Joanna isnt the very good choice.D.Shed like to recommend a magazine to the man.A.Spending too much money on the customers.B.Finding no available confe
35、rence room in Shangri-la.C.Too many customers coming to attend the meeting.D.Few customers going to see ice sculptures and buildings.Questions 19 to 21 are based on the conversation you have just heard.（分数：21.00）A.The woman asked the man to help her apply for a job.B.The Woman asked the man to read
36、her graduate school application.C.The woman asked the man to help her with her homework.D.The woman asked the man to prepare a presentation for her.A.Geology.B.Music.C.Medical.D.Mathematics.A.Divide the information into separate paragraphs.B.Expand the ideas and make it fancy.C.Add all of the womans
37、 personal information.D.Pay attention to the presentation formats.Questions 22 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.（分数：28.00）A.Protecting buyers of paintings.B.Why copies of famous paintings are made.C.How paintings are sold in the United States.D.Protecting artists from illegal
38、use of their work.A.The United States Copyright Office created it.B.It does not protect artists techniques and procedures.C.It has not been changed since its creation.D.It is only applied to copies of the original work.A.After the artwork is reviewed by lawyers.B.After all documents are filed.C.When
39、 the artist first gets an idea.D.The moment the work of art is finished.A.The buyer has the right to reprint it.B.The buyer is allowed to change it.C.The artist continues to hold the copyright for it.D.The artist must report the sale to the authority.五、Section B(总题数：3，分数：70.00)Passage OneQuestions 2
40、6 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard.（分数：21.00）A.They were evident in the decreased world temperature.B.They were of several days duration worldwide.C.They were felt mainly in the Dutch East Indies.D.They were immediately evident to the worlds scientists.A.Englands proximity to the s
41、ea.B.Volcanic ash in the atmosphere.C.Flooding in the area.D.Pollution caused by the International Revolution.A.There was a long interval between cause and effect.B.The weather was difficult for us to forecast.C.Weather forecast was inaccurate.D.Ecologists didnt appear until modern times.Passage Two
42、Questions 29 to 31 are based on the passage you have just heard.（分数：21.00）A.A government document.B.A literary work.C.A social art.D.An individuals creation.A.Because they were not easily burned and can last long.B.Because they were very cheap materials.C.Because they could be found here and there.D
43、.Because they could add artistic value to buildings.A.Architecture and Literature.B.Development of Architecture.C.Classification of Architecture.D.Materials of Architecture.Passage ThreeQuestions 32 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard.（分数：28.00）A.What they have regretted for a long ti
44、me.B.Their relationships with families and friends.C.What they have expected too much.D.The things they have experienced during their childhood.A.Those dream interpretations are based on psychological thesis.B.We can find nothing reliable in those interpretations.C.Some dream interpretations have sc
45、ientific support.D.Most of the interpretations of dreams are not very believable.A.Reading difficult books.B.Competing in athletic competitions,C.Talking with some friends,D.Encountering an unresolved issue.A.In dreams we solve those problems.B.After dreaming we forget our problems.C.After dreaming
46、we have a clear mind.D.It gives us ways to deal with the problems.六、Section C(总题数：1，分数：77.00)People could eat more cocoa-rich products such as dark chocolate but not drink tea if they want to lower their blood pressure, German researchers reported Monday.A team of researchers from the University Hos
47、pital of Cologne analyzed data from (36) studies that looked at the benefits of tea and cocoa. They found eating foods (37) in cocoa resulted in lower blood pressure levels.Their report (38) of exactly 10 studies on cocoa with a total of 173 (39) , a third of whom had high blood pressure and were (4
48、0) for a two-week period, and five tea studies with 343 people for a four-week period.The fall in blood pressure (41) to cocoa could be expected to reduce the risk of strokes and heart (42) by 10-20 percent, the report said.The benefits are believed to come from certain compounds, (43) Dr. Dirk Taubert, a leading author of the report.While tea and cocoa are both rich in such compounds, cocoa contains more of the type. This suggests that (44) . Compared to cocoa compounds, tea compounds appear to be less effective.However, the researchers cautioned that (45
