1、大学六级-865 及答案解析(总分：614.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Writing(总题数：1，分数：53.00)1.目前有不少大学生开始创业1对此不少人给予了肯定2也有人有不同的看法3我认为Students Starting Their Own Businesses（分数：53.00）_二、Part Reading Compr(总题数：1，分数：70.00)Choice blindness: You dont know what you wantWe have all heard of experts who fail basic tests of sensory disc
2、rimination in their own field: wine snobs (自命不凡的人) who cant tell red from white wine (though in blackened cups), or art critics who see deep meaning in random lines drawn by a computer. We delight in such stories since anyone claiming to be an authority is fair game. But what if we shine the spotlig
3、ht on choices we make about everyday things? Experts might be forgiven for being wrong about the limits of their skills as experts, but could we be forgiven for being wrong about the limits of our skills as experts on ourselves?We have been trying to answer this question using techniques from magic
4、performances. Rather than playing tricks with alternatives presented to participants, we secretly altered the outcomes of their choices, and recorded how they react. For example, in an early study we showed our volunteers pairs of pictures of faces and asked them to choose the most attractive. In so
5、me trials, immediately after they made their choice, we asked people to explain the reasons behind their choices.Unknown to them, we sometimes used a double-card magic trick to secretly exchange one face for the other so they ended up with the face they did not choose. Common sense dictates that all
6、 of us would notice such a big change in the outcome of a choice. But the result showed that in 75 per cent of the trials our participants were blind to the mismatch, even offering “reasons“ for their “choice“.We called this effect “choice blindness“, echoing change blindness, the phenomenon identif
7、ied by psychologists where a remarkably large number of people fail to spot a major change in their environment. Recall the famous experiments where X asks Y for directions; while Y is struggling to help, X is switched for Z - and Y fails to notice. Researchers are still pondering the full implicati
8、ons, but it does show how little information we use in daily life, and undermines the idea that we know what is going on around us.When we set out, we aimed to weigh in on the enduring, complicated debate about selfknowledge and intentionality. For all the intimate familiarity we feel we have with d
9、ecisionmaking, it is very difficult to know about it from the “inside“: one of the great barriers for scientific research is the nature of subjectivity.As anyone who has ever been in a verbal disagreement can prove, people tend to give elaborate justifications for their decisions, which we have ever
10、y reason to believe are nothing more than rationalisations (文过饰非) after the event. To prove such people wrong, though, or even provide enough evidence to change their mind, is an entirely different matter: who are you to say what my reasons are?But with choice blindness we drive a large wedge betwee
11、n intentions and actions in the mind. As our participants give us verbal explanations about choices they never made, we can show them beyond doubt - and prove it - that what they say cannot be true. So our experiments offer a unique window into confabulation (虚伪) (the story-telling we do to justify
12、things after the fact) that is otherwise very difficult to come by. We can compare everyday explanations with those under lab conditions, looking for such things as the amount of detail in descriptions, how coherent the narrative is, the emotional tone, or even the timing or flow of the speech. Then
13、 we can create a theoretical framework to analyse any kind of exchange.This framework could provide a clinical use for choice blindness: for example, two of our ongoing studies examine how malingering (装病) might develop into true symptoms, and how confabulation might play a role in obsessive-compuls
14、ive disorder (强迫症).Importantly, the effects of choice blindness go beyond snap judgments. Depending on what our volunteers say in response to the mismatched outcomes of choices (whether they give short or long explanations, give numerical rating or labelling, and so on) we found this interaction cou
15、ld change their future preferences to the extent that they come to prefer the previously rejected alternative. This gives us a rare glimpse into the complicated dynamics of self-feedback (“I chose this, I publicly said so, therefore I must like it“), which we suspect lies behind the formation of man
16、y everyday preferences.We also want to explore the boundaries of choice blindness. Of course, it will be limited by choices we know to be of great importance in everyday life. Which bride or bridegroom would fail to notice if someone switched their partner at the altar through amazing sleight of han
17、d (巧妙的手段)? Yet there is ample territory between the absurd idea of spouse-swapping, and the results of our early face experiments.For example, in one recent study we invited supermarket customers to choose between two paired varieties of jam and tea. In order to switch each participants choice witho
18、ut them noticing, we created two sets of “magical“ jars, with lids at both ends and a divider inside. The jars looked normal, but were designed to hold one variety of jam or tea at each end, and could easily be flipped over.Immediately after the participants chose, we asked them to taste their choic
19、e again and tell us verbally why they made that choice. Before they did, we turned over the sample containers, so the tasters were given the opposite of what they had intended in their selection. Strikingly, people detected no more than a third of all these trick trials. Even when we switched such r
20、emarkably different flavors as spicy cinnamon and apple for bitter grapefruit jam, the participants spotted less than half of all switches.We have also documented this kind of effect when we simulate online shopping for consumer products such as laptops or cellphones, and even apartments. Our latest
21、 tests are exploring moral and political decisions, a domain where reflection and deliberation are supposed to play a central role, but which we believe is perfectly suited to investigating using choice blindness.Throughout our experiments, as well as registering whether our volunteers noticed that
22、they had been presented with the alternative they did not choose, we also quizzed them about their beliefs about their decision processes. How did they think they would feel if they had been exposed to a study like ours? Did they think they would have noticed the switches? Consistently, between 80 a
23、nd 90 per cent of people said that they believed they would have noticed something was wrong.Imagine their surprise, even disbelief, when we told them about the nature of the experiments. In everyday decision-making we do see ourselves as knowing a lot about our selves, but like the wine buff or art
24、 critic, we often overstate what we know. The good news is that this form of decision snobbery should not be too difficult to treat. Indeed, after reading this article you might already be cured.（分数：70.00）(1).What does the author say about some experts?（分数：7.00）A.They are authorities only in their o
25、wn fields.B.They arent easily fooled by the tricky tests.C.The mistakes theyve made are inevitable.D.They sometimes fail to do well as claimed.(2).What did the researchers do to participants in the experiments?（分数：7.00）A.They put on a magic performance to the participants.B.They diverted the partici
26、pants attention and disrupted their choosing.C.They changed the things participants chose without their noticing.D.They added confusion to the two options the participants faced.(3).What does the result of the face choosing experiments reveal?（分数：7.00）A.People could explain well why they made their
27、choices.B.Only a few of participants had choice blindness in making decision.C.Usually participants were aware of the limits of their skills.D.Most participants didnt realize that their choices had been switched.(4).Change blindness refers to the phenomenon that _.（分数：7.00）A.many people fail to noti
28、ce the big change around themB.people tend to ignore the small changes in the surroundingsC.peoples choices can be easily interrupted by a big changeD.quite a few people do not have a good sense of directions(5).Whats peoples tendency to do for their decisions?（分数：7.00）A.Refusing to admit they made
29、wrong decisions.B.Trying to find reasons to explain the decisions.C.Changing the decisions on second thoughts.D.Seeking others advice when making the decisions.(6).What do researchers think is the drive for many everyday preferences?（分数：7.00）A.The haste judgment.B.The mechanism of self-feedback.C.Th
30、e interaction with others.D.The expectation for the future.(7).What do we learn about the boundaries of choice blindness?（分数：7.00）A.The boundaries are impossible to be marked.B.It occurs only when decisions are not important.C.It could happen even in the significant events.D.Brides wont have choice
31、blindness in the weddings.(8).In their latest tests researchers are investigating peoples decisions in the fields of _ with choice blindness.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(9).From the quiz researchers find that most people are quite confident about their feelings in the _.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(10).The volunteers were
32、surprised at the fact that in everyday decision-making, peoples beliefs are often _.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_三、Part Listening Com(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Section A(总题数：4，分数：105.00)A.He admires Jeans straightforwardness.B.He thinks Dr. Brown deserves the praise.C.He believes Jean was rude to Dr. Brown.D.He will talk
33、to Jean about what happened.A.He stayed in a room on the third floor for an hour.B.He was absent when the discussion was being held.C.Nobody but the woman noticed that he was absent.D.He did not leave room 405 until an hour had passed.A.He enjoyed the paintings, too.B.He has to finish his term paper
34、 first.C.He cant finish his term paper that day.D.He has learned something about the artists.A.Some people may not go on the trip.B.The transportation for the trip is free.C.Everyone in the class has paid the fee.D.The class wont enjoy going on the field trip.A.In Atlanta.B.At a convention centre.C.
35、In a hospital.D.At home.A.She has been at home.B.The new manager was not in the office.C.She hasnt talked with the new manager yet.D.She didnt want to talk with the new manager.A.He will see Steve soon.B.He is afraid the weather will not be clear.C.He is not sure if there will be enough space.D.He i
36、s not sure if he can find a room for Steve.A.He might move to another city very soon.B.The womans exaggerating the seriousness of the pollution.C.The air pollution is caused by the development of industry.D.The city was poor because there wasnt much industry then.Questions 19 to 21 are based on the
37、conversation you have just heard.（分数：21.00）A.Professor and student.B.Boss and employee.C.Interviewer and interviewee.D.President and adviser.A.It has 2 million dollars in capital.B.It has 50,000 people.C.Its products are marketed in the US only.D.Its products sell quite well in China.A.Organized and
38、 a good speaker.B.Enthusiastic and a fast-learner.C.Persistent and experienced.D.Capable and good at marketing.Questions 22 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.（分数：28.00）A.Spending more hours on the Internet.B.Spending fewer hours on the Internet.C.The state of being on the Inter
39、net.D.Their brighter expectations not being met.A.The Net is healthier than TV.B.The Net is not healthy for people.C.The Net does not help with peoples communication.D.The Net does no good to peoples psychological well-being.A.They stay at home longer than before.B.They have more friends on the Inte
40、rnet.C.They give too much time to the Internet.D.They have less face-to-face conversations than before.A.The fast-developing technology.B.The people who design different applications.C.The way how people make use of the Internet.D.The increasing information and communication via the Net.五、Section B(
41、总题数：3，分数：70.00)Passage OneQuestions 26 to 28 are based on the passage yon have just heard.（分数：21.00）A.When they are with a baby-sitter.B.When they are with another baby.C.When they are with a strange adult.D.When they are with an elderly person.A.They show fear.B.They start to cry.C.They turn to adu
42、lts.D.They reach out to touch them.A.Ask elderly adults to attend them.B.Hire an experienced baby-sitter.C.Keep them in family-based day care centers.D.Let them stay with their parents or teachers.Passage TwoQuestions 29 to 31 are based on the passage you have just heard.（分数：21.00）A.Historic signifi
43、cance.B.Splendor and peacefulness.C.Cultural appeal.D.Beauty and comfort.A.Visiting the capital of Salt Lake City.B.Visiting the Temple Square.C.Hiking through national parks.D.Hiking remote Indian reservations.A.All transportations during the tour.B.Three formal meals a day.C.Two nights stay in Sal
44、t Lake City.D.Equipment for the hiking adventure.Passage ThreeQuestions 32 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard.（分数：28.00）A.Around 45%.B.About 50%.C.Less than 68%.D.Over 70%.A.What ingredient should a nutrition label list.B.How to get consumers to read labels more carefully.C.What food
45、 information should be provided to consumers.D.Whether it is necessary to put labels on prepared foods.A.Doubtful.B.Opposing.C.Supportive.D.Neutral.A.More detailed labeling.B.Simple labeling.C.Precise labeling.D.Basic labeling.六、Section C(总题数：1，分数：77.00)One of those rare local creations of America,
46、cowboy poetry has a long and vivid history, driven by its colorful practitioners and memorable poems.Cowboy poetry is a form of poetry which grew out of a (36) of instant composition carried on by workers on cattle drives and ranches. After a day of work, cowboys would gather around a campfire and (
47、37) one another with tall tales and folk songs. (38) was common, so poetic forms were employed to help memory.Cowboy poetry is (39) both in its culturally specific subject matter and its traditional use of rhyme and meter. While the range of (40) landscapes explored in cowboy poetry are the traditio
48、nal province of poetry, from joy to (41) , from humor to spirituality, the particulars (42) from the American West: horses, cattle, fire, storms, mythic figures of cowboys and ranchers, and the splendid wilderness. In keeping with their subject matter, cowboy poets tend to write in a traditional, rh
49、yming style. They (43) folk songs more than modem poetry.(44) , though adherents would claim that authors should have some connection to the cowboy life such that they can write poetry with an “insiders perspective“.(45) . Hollywood used to make dozens of films a year about square-jawed gunslingers (枪手). It now produces almost none, and there is currently no new Western series to be found on televisio
