1、大学六级-697 及答案解析(总分：712.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Writing(总题数：1，分数：106.00)1.目前有些校园内浪费现象严重；2浪费的危害；3从我做起，杜绝浪费。（分数：106.00）_二、Part Reading Compr(总题数：1，分数：70.00)Some Notes on Gender-Neutral LanguageGeneralThe practice of assigning masculine gender to neutral terms comes from the fact that every language reflect
2、s the prejudices of the society in which it evolved, and English evolved through most of its history in a male-centered, patriarchal society. Like any other language, however, English is always changing. One only has to read aloud sentences from the 19th century hooks assigned for this class to sens
3、e the shifts that have occurred in the last 150 years. When readers pick up something to read, they expect different conventions depending on the time in which the material was written. As writers in 1995, we need to be not only aware of the conventions that our readers may expect, but also consciou
4、s of the responses our words may elicit. In addition, we need to know how the shifting nature of language can make certain words awkward or misleading.“Man“Man once was a truly generic word referring to all humans, but has gradually narrowed in meaning to become a word that refers to adult male huma
5、n beings. Anglo-Saxons used the word to refer to all people. One example of this occurs when an Anglo-Saxon writer refers to a seventh-century English princess as “a wonderful man“. Man paralleled the Latin word homo, “a member of the human species.“ not vir, “an adult male of the species.“ The Old
6、English word for adult male was waepman and the old English word for adult woman was wifman. In the course of time, wifman evolved into the word “woman.“ “Man“ eventually ceased to be used to refer to individual women and replaced waepman as a specific term distinguishing an adult male from an adult
7、 female. But man continued to be used in generalizations about both sexes.By the 18th century, the modern, narrow sense of man was firmly established as the predominant one. When Edmund Burke, writing of the French Revolution, used men in the old, inclusive way, he took pains to spell out his meanin
8、g: “Such a deplorable havoc is made in the minds of men (both sexes) in France.“ Thomas Jefferson did not make the same distinction in declaring that “all men are created equal“ and “governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed.“ In a time when wo
9、men, having no vote, could neither give nor withhold consent, Jefferson had to be using the word men in its principal sense of “males,“ and it probably never occurred to him that anyone would think otherwise. Looking at modern dictionaries indicate that the definition that links “man with males is t
10、he predominant one. Studies of college students and school children indicate that even when the broad definitions of “msn“ and “men“ are taught, they tend to conjure up images of male people only. We would never use the sentence “A girl grows up to be a man,“ because we assume the narrower definitio
11、n of the word man.The Pronoun ProblemThe first grammars of modern English were written in the 16th and 17th centuries. They were mainly intended to help boys from upper class families prepare for the study of Latin, a language most scholars considered superior to English. The male authors of these e
12、arliest English grammars wrote for male readers in an age when few women were literate. The masculine-gender pronouns(代词) did not reflect a belief that masculine pronouns could refer to both sexes. The grammars of this period contain no indication that masculine pronouns were sex-inclusive when used
13、 in general references. Instead these pronouns reflected the reality of male cultural dominance and the male-centered world view that resulted.“He“ started to be used as a generic pronoun by grammarians who were trying to change a long-established tradition of using “they“ as a singular pronoun. In
14、1850 an Act of Parliament gave official sanction(批准)to the recently invented concept of the “generic“ he. In the language used in acts of Parliament, the new law said, “words importing the masculine gender shall be deemed and taken to include females.“ Although similar language in contracts and othe
15、r legal documents subsequently helped reinforce this grammatical edict in all English-speaking countries, it was often conveniently ignored. In 1879, for example, a move to admit female physicians to the all-male Massachusetts Medical Society was effectively blocked on the grounds that the societys
16、by-laws describing membership used the pronoun he.Just as “man“ is not truly generic in the 1990s, “he“ is not a true generic pronoun. Studies have confirmed that most people understand “he“ to refer to men only. Sentences like “A doctor is a busy person; he must be able to balance a million obligat
17、ions at once“ imply that all doctors are men. As a result of the fact that “he“ is read by many as a masculine pronoun, many people, especially women, have come to feel that the generic pronouns excludes women. This means that more and more people find the use of such a pronoun problematic. Solving
18、the Pronoun ProblemThey as a Singular -Most people, when writing and speaking informally, rely on singular they as a matter of course: “If you love someone, set them free“ (Sting). If you pay attention to your own speech, youll probably catch yourself using the same construction yourself. “Its enoug
19、h to drive anyone out of their senses“ (George Bernard Shaw). “I shouldnt like to punish anyone, even ii theyd done me wrong“ (George Eliot). Some people are annoyed by the incorrect grammar that this solution necessitates, but this construction is used more and more frequently.He or She-Despite the
20、 charge of clumsiness, double-pronoun constructions have made a comeback: “To be black in this country is simply too pervasive an experience for any writer to omit from her or his work,“ wrote Samuel R. Delany. Overuse of this solution can be awkward, however.Pluralizing-A writer can often recast ma
21、terial in the plural. For instance, instead of “As he advances in his program, the medical student has increasing opportunities for clinical work,“ try “As they advance in their program, medical students have increasing opportunities for clinical work“Eliminating Pronouns-Avoid having to use pronoun
22、s at all; instead of “a first grader can feed and dress himself,“ you could write, “a first grader can eat find get dressed without assistance.“Further Alternatives-he she or s/he, using one instead of he, or using a new generic pronoun (thon, co, E, try, hash, hit).（分数：70.00）(1).“Man“ could be used
23、 to refer to female human being in the past.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(2).In “all men are created equal“ in Declaration of Independence by Thomas Jefferson, the word “men“ refer to both males and females whether they have vote right or not.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(3).In 1879, Massachusetts Medical Society refused to
24、admit more than ten female physicians because the societys by-laws describing membership used the pronoun he.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(4).The first grammars of modern English were written in order to help boys from the upper class prepare for the study of Latin.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(5).“Man“ paralleled the Latin
25、word “homo“ which means _.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(6).Studies show that even when students are taught the broad definition of “man“ and “men“, they think of _.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(7).Grammarians started to use “he“ as a generic pronoun because they were trying to change a tradition of using “they“ as _.（分数：7.00
26、）填空项 1:_(8).When most people read the word “he“, they would understand it to rater to _.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(9).Although some people are annoyed by _ of singular they, this construction is used more and more frequently to solve the pronoun problem.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(10).Another way of solving the pronoun
27、problem is to use _ instead of the singular.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_三、Part Listening Com(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Section A(总题数：3，分数：105.00)Questions 11 to 18 are based on the conversation you have just heard.（分数：56.00）A.The play was the first hed seen.B.The play wasnt too bad.C.He hasnt seen the play yet.D.He wants
28、 to see the play again.A.It will be finished on time,B.It is only open during the day.C.Something has happened to the building.D.The workers are about to complete it.A.He lost a button at work.B.He doesnt know where he put the calculator.C.He thinks he broke something the woman lent him.D.Hes not su
29、re how to solve the math problem.A.The old houses should be turned into stores.B.The city needs even more modern modernization.C.This shopping center is quite old.D.New shopping centers are very common.A.Whether the woman knows how to type.B.Why the woman is in a hurry.C.How much typing the woman ne
30、eds done.D.Whether the woman has a typewriter.A.He goes along with the womans suggestion.B.He cant decide whether to go or not.C.He will go to the concert alone.D.He thinks the performance will be very good.A.It involved a few lunches.B.There were free lunches.C.There were three lunches,D.There are
31、more than free lunches.A.13.B.17.C.30.D.15.Questions 19 to 22 are based on the conversation you have just heard.（分数：28.00）A.He has got a bad cold.B.He has caught whooping cough.C.He has a fever and a bad appetite.D.He has been coughing for several days.A.Because he is only a 3-year-old child.B.Becau
32、se others cough may be contagious to him.C.Because he also has a fever.D.Because he cries all the time.A.Because he is too young to catch that.B.Because he has not been exposed to that.C.Because his sister hasnt caught that.D.Because he has been immunized recently.A.Give the child lot of fluid to dr
33、ink.B.Let him have a hot bath before bedtime.C.Keep an eye on the cough.D.Send him to the clinic if he has a fever.Questions 23 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.（分数：21.00）A.Boss and employee.B.Teacher and student.C.Interviewer and candidate.D.Colleagues.A.A human resources man
34、ager.B.A computer programmer.C.A graduate.D.A teacher.A.Team spirit.B.Competition.C.Coordination.D.Problem-solving.五、Section B(总题数：3，分数：70.00)Passage OneQuestions 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard.（分数：21.00）A.Your first impression on the interviewer.B.Your job skill qualification
35、s and background.C.Your communication skills.D.Your attitude.A.To have an intimate talk with you.B.To know you as a person.C.To confirm your qualifications.D.To know more about your family background.A.The interview usually last about half an hour.B.Your appearance and your communication skills coun
36、t approximately the same during the interview.C.You are requested to submit all your background information during the interview.D.Employers compare your information with that of other applicants before the interview.Passage TwoQuestions 29 to 31 are based on the passage you have just heard.（分数：21.0
37、0）A.Around 1930.B.Around 1940.C.Around 1950.D.Around 1960.A.There is not enough financial support from the government.B.There are more retirees taking money out of the system, and not enough additional workers to support them.C.More and more people refuse to pay their income taxes.D.The economic gro
38、wth has been slowed down.A.Fewer retirees will be entitled to receive Social Security.B.Payroll taxes may be increased.C.Younger Workers can save some of their payroll taxes in a personal account.D.Beneficiaries will receive less money from the Social Security.Passage ThreeQuestions 32 to 35 are bas
39、ed on the passage you have just heard.（分数：28.00）A.The strength of its shipbuilding industry.B.The physical features of the river itself.C.The abundance of fruit, vegetables, and livestock.D.The similarity of climate to that in Europe.A.There are no rapids or waterfalls.B.There is a constant, strong
40、wind.C.Navigation is rather difficult.D.Frequent storms cause problems for riverboats.A.Big waves pose a threat to commercial navigation.B.The river current never flows faster ten miles per hour.C.The river reverses its flow several times a day.D.High tides can create sudden and unexpected rapids.A.
41、To allow several sails to be rigged.B.To add to the beauty of the basic design.C.To catch winds coming from over the hills.D.To allow the sails to be raised more quickly.六、Section C(总题数：1，分数：77.00)Today I would like to talk about the early days of movie making in the late nineteenth and early (36) c
42、enturies. Before the (37) films of D. W. Griffith, film makers were limited by several (38) questions of the era. According to one, the camera was always fixed at a viewpoint (39) to that of the spectator in the theatre, a position now known as the long shot. It was another convention that the (40)
43、of the camera never changed in the middle of a (41) . In last weeks films, we saw how Griffith ignored both these limiting (42) and brought the camera closer to the actor.This shot, now known as a full shot, was considered (43) at the time. For Love of Gold, was the name of the film in which the fir
44、st use of the full shot. After progressing from a long shot to the full shot, the next logical step for Griffith was to bring in the camera still closer, in what is now called the close-up. (44) , as for example, in Edqaed Asports The Great Train Robbery, which was made in 1903.But not until 1908 in
45、 Griffiths movie (45) . In the scene from After Many Years that we are about to see, pay special attention to the close-up of Annie Lees worried face as she awaits her husbands return. In 1908, this close-up shocked everyone in the Biogress Studio. But Griffith had no time for argument. He had anoth
46、er surprise even more radical to offer. Immediately following close-up of Annie, he inserted a picture of the object of her thought-her husband east sway on a desert aisle. (46) .（分数：77.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_七、Part Reading Compr(总题数：0，分数：0.00
47、)八、Section A(总题数：1，分数：90.00)Women who apply for jobs in middle or senior management have a higher success rate than men, according to an employment survey. But of course far fewer of them apply for these positions. The study, by recruitment (征召新成员) consultants NB Selection, shows that while one in s
48、ix men who appear on interview shortlist get jobs, the figure rises to one in four for women.Reasons for higher success rates among women are difficult to isolate. One explanation suggested is that if a woman candidate manages to get on a shortlist, then she has probably already proved herself to be an exceptional candidate. Dr. Marx said that when women apply for positions they tend
